BGP Peering (part 1)

Why does BGP use TCP for peering? What happens if two BGP speakers begin the peering process at the same time? In this video, recorded for Packet Pushers, I start looking at the BGP peering process.

Learning BGP Module 2 Lesson 1: Peering Part 1 – Video

Hedge August Update

Monthly update for the Hedge podcast.

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Learning to Ride

Have you ever taught a kid to ride a bike? Kids always begin the process by shifting their focus from the handlebars to the pedals, trying to feel out how to keep the right amount of pressure on each pedal, control the handlebars, and keep moving … so they can stay balanced. During this initial learning phase, the kid will keep their eyes down, looking at the pedals, the handlebars, and . . . the ground.

After some time of riding, though, managing the pedals and handlebars are embedded in “muscle memory,” allowing them to get their head up and focus on where they’re going rather than on the mechanical process of riding. After a lot of experience, bike riders can start doing wheelies, or jumps, or off-road riding that goes far beyond basic balance.
Network engineer—any kind of engineering, really—is the same way.

At first, you need to focus on what you are doing. How is this configured? What specific output am I looking for in this show command? What field do I need to use in this data structure to automate that? Where do I look to find out about these fields, defects, etc.?

The problem is—it is easy to get Continue reading

Controversial Reads 073022

This legislation dutifully provides trial lawyers with endless opportunities to sue Big Tech companies for something indefinable: childhood addiction to websites and phone apps. It puts the state government in charge of defining such addiction.

Recently Google employee Blake Lemoine caused a media storm over the LaMDA chatbot he was working on, that he claims is sentient (it feels things like a human being).

The problem with blockchain is that it’s not an improvement to any system—and often makes things worse.

We stand at a crossroads between a fragmented geopolitical world and a digital one that is more inclusive and sustainable. A common agenda with agreed priorities on public policy issues for the use of technology and connectivity will help take us in the right direction.

Earlier this month, I and others wrote a letter to Congress, basically saying that cryptocurrencies are an complete and total disaster, and urging them to regulate the space.

Of course, this bubble started to deflate when the Federal Reserve started talking about raising interest rates by half a percent. Terra Coin, a “stablecoin,” meaning a crypto that purports to maintain a value tied to an actual currency, collapsed in May.

At this point, they Continue reading

Weekend Reads 072922

Chris Siebenmann has written a short blog piece that reflects on the trend to see Certificate Transparency (CT) as the answer to ‘the problem’; the problem being how to tell if a validly signed and current certificate has somehow had to be repudiated.

For US$2,500, threat actors can employ Matanbuchus, a malware-as-a-service (MaaS) package found delivering Cobalt Strike beacons through phishing and spam messages.

As global and societal events such as supply chain shortages occur, there’s a corresponding increase in fraud related to fake domain registrations (websites) that capitalize on the event—creating unsafe situations for consumers.

Aside from recovery costs and business interruptions — the latter of which can cost as much as USD 22,000 per minute — the most damaging effect of such attacks can be reputational, specifically the loss of customers.

This week, it came to light that gaming platform Roblox was breached via a phishing/social-engineering attack that led to the theft of internal documents and the leaking of them online in an extortion attempt.

Researchers have discovered malware that has been secretly infecting systems featuring Asus and Gigabyte motherboards for at least six years.

The most important point is to understand that there are two very different Continue reading

Hedge 140: Aftab S and RIR Policies

Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) assign and manage numbered Internet resources like IPv4 address space, IPv6 address, and AS numbers. If you ever try to get address space or an AS number, though, it might seem like the policies the RIRs use to determine what kin and scale of resources you can get are a bit arbitrary (or even, perhaps, odd). Aftab Siddiqui joins Russ White and Tom Ammon to explain how and why these policies are set the way they are.

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Weekend Reads 072222

The Chinese regime and other malign actors are trying to exert their influence over global technological standards, but the UK government’s response has been “incoherent and muted,” a committee of MPs has warned.

Researchers have discovered a new attack technique that exploits the speculative execution feature of modern CPUs to leak potentially sensitive information from the kernel’s memory.

The findings, which NJIT researchers will present at the Usenix Security Symposium in Boston next month, show how an attacker who tricks someone into loading a malicious website can determine whether that visitor controls a particular public identifier, like an email address or social media account, thus linking the visitor to a piece of potentially personal data.

Apple CEO Tim Cook has given his backing to a major effort to convince state governors, government, and educators to make computer science classes available to every student in every school. But it’s not just philanthropy in play.

Demand for smartphones is fading amid households’ fears about rising inflation and other monetary pressures, although brands including Samsung and Apple are weathering the economic storm.

In May 2022, 52% of business email compromise (BEC) scams impersonated third-party organizations, exposing businesses to supply chain attacks.

While computer Continue reading

Hedge 139: Open Source Supply Chain Security

There is a rising concern about the security of open source projects—particularly in terms of open source software supply chain. Alistair Woodman, who works closely with multiple open source software projects, joins Tom and Russ to discuss the reality of securing open source projects. The final answer? Essentially, buyer—or in the case of open source software, user—beware.

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Weekend Reads 071522

After more than a decade when cryptocurrencies and related technologies have surged, boomed, and busted in a regulatory vacuum, lawmakers in both the US and Europe are writing new rules for a sector that has grown dangerously large in both value and reach,

With the emergence of privacy regulations that assign penalties based on a business’ profit, or those that calculate a value for each compromised record, it is possible to calculate the cost of a breach based on those metrics.

What is the most expensive component in the more generic, non-accelerated servers that comprise the majority of their server fleets? Main memory, correct again.

Cybersecurity researchers have detailed the various measures ransomware actors have taken to obscure their true identity online as well as the hosting location of their web server infrastructure.

After nearly two years of legal wrangling, the European Parliament on Tuesday passed the Digital Markets Act and the Digital Services Act, teeing up a showdown between the continent and US tech giants.

The new PCI DSS Standard, version 4.0, contains all the steps, best practices, and explanations required for full compliance. In fact, even an organization that does not process cardholder data could follow the Continue reading

Hedge 138: The Robustness Principle

Most network engineers take it as a “given” that the robustness principle is the “right way” to build protocols and networks—”be conservative in what you send, and liberal in what you receive.” The idea behind the robustness principle is that implementations should implement specifications as accurately as possible, but they should also accept malformed and otherwise erroneous data, process the best they can, and drop the bits they cannot process. This should allow the network to operate correctly in the face of defects and other failures. A recent draft, draft-iab-protocol-maintenance/, challenges the assumptions behind the robustness principle. Join Tom and Russ as they discuss the robustness principle and its potential problems.

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Privacy for Providers

While this talk is titled privacy for providers, it really applies to just about every network operator. This is meant to open a conversation on the topic, rather than providing definitive answers. I start by looking at some of the kinds of information network operators work with, and whether this information can or should be considered “private.” In the second part of the talk, I work through some of the various ways network operators might want to consider when handling private information.

Weekend Reads 070822

We kick off this edition of the weekend reads with a few articles on security. Misconfigured cloud storage buckets and a failure to implement good password practices are, as always, a major source of security issues.

We found that only 15 websites were following best practices. The remaining 105 either leave users at risk for password compromise or frustrated from being unable to use a sufficiently strong password (or both).

A misconfigured Amazon S3 bucket resulted in 3TB of airport data (more than 1.5 million files) being publicly accessible, open, and without an authentication requirement for access, highlighting the dangers of unsecured cloud infrastructure within the travel sector.

An unlucky fat-fingering precipitated the current crisis: The client had accidentally deleted the private key needed to sign new firmware updates.

Another study showing the importance of DNS abuse in spreading malware.

In April, I participated in the panel session ‘Real Life Perspectives on Regional DNS Abuse in APAC’ at the APAC DNS Forum 2022, during which I and my fellow panellists shared examples of DNS incidents that we’ve seen in the Asia Pacific region and how we, as a community, can improve how we mitigate these threats.

Another reminder that Continue reading

Hedge 137: Old FRR Defects

Zero-day defects exist in every projects, whether they are open or closed source. John Fraizer and Alistair Woodman join Tom Ammon and Russ White to discuss an old defect John found in the FRR code, the history of this defect, and the problems inherent in finding and resolving defects in large, diverse code bases.

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Weekend Reads 070122

For decades, hopeful techies have been promising a world where absolutely every object you encounter—bandages, bottles, bananas—will have some kind of smarts thanks to supercheap programmable plastic processors.

To be clear, current artificial intelligence systems are decades away from being able to experience feelings and, in fact, may never do so.

The fact that LaMDA in particular has been the center of attention is, frankly, a little quaint. LaMDA is a dialogue agent. The purpose of dialogue agents is to convince you that you are talking with a person.

While it has always seemed absurd that this matter wasn’t addressed before the government extorted huge sums of money from operators for the right to do so, it’s also reasonable to assume the matter is not restricted to the US.

The number of tech layoffs in May alone skyrocketed 780% over the first four months of the year combined, according to outplacement services firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas.

Just before last Christmas, in a first-of-a-kind case, JPMorgan was fined $200M for employees using non-sanctioned applications for communicating about financial strategy.

At the same time, I’ve also noticed what might be called a zero-trust backlash, as it becomes apparent that you can’t Continue reading

Hedge 136: The IPv6 ULA Mess

IPv6’s designers built the concept of Unique Local Addresses, or ULAs, into the addressing architecture to make network address translation unnecessary for IPv6 deployments. As with many other plans of mice and men, however, the unintended consequences of what is a good idea tend to get in the way. Nick Buraglio joing Eyvonne Sharp, Tom Ammon, and Russ White to discuss the many problems of IPv6 ULA, why it isn’t practical in most network deployments, and the larger question of how standards bodies sometimes fail to consider the unintended consequences of a good idea.

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