Scott Lowe

Author Archives: Scott Lowe

The Linux Migration Series

In early 2017 I kicked off an effort to start using Linux as my primary desktop OS, and I blogged about the journey. That particular effort ended in late October 2017. I restarted the migration in April 2018 (when I left VMware to join Heptio), and since that time I’ve been using Linux (Fedora, specifically) full-time. However, I thought it might be helpful to collect the articles I wrote about the experience together for easy reference. Without further ado, here they are.

Initial Progress Report

Final Linux Distro Selection

Virtualization Provider

Other Users’ Stories: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4

Creating Presentations

Corporate Collaboration: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3

April 2017 Progress Report

July 2017 Progress Report

Wrap-Up

These are only the articles directly related to the migration efforts, but many more articles were spawned as a result of the project. Browse through all the Fedora-tagged articles to see some related articles.

If you have any questions about migrating to Linux or about any of these articles (or related articles), you’re welcome to contact me on Twitter. I look forward to hearing from you!

Technology Short Take 108

Welcome to Technology Short Take #108! This will be the last Technology Short Take of 2018, so here’s hoping I can provide something useful for you. Enjoy!

Networking

  • Maish Saidel-Keesing has a 5-part series on replacing the AWS ELB. This is an older post (from August) that I’ve had in my backlog for a while, and I’m just now getting around to reading the series. There’s some really good information in here. I won’t link to all five, but rather just point you at the introductory post (and Maish has done a great job—better than a lot of bloggers—making the entire series easily accessible).
  • Quentin Machu delves deep into an obscure DNS resolution issue that was introducing seemingly-erratic delays with DNS lookups. Quentin’s post is very detailed, and has lots of good information.
  • Anthony Burke has some information on preparing a node for Kubernetes and the NSX NCP.
  • Benjamin Dale suggests that you don’t know JunOS.

Servers/Hardware

Running Fedora on my Mac Pro

I’ve been working on migrating off macOS for a couple of years (10+ years on a single OS isn’t undone quickly or easily). I won’t go into all the gory details here; see this post for some background and then see this update from last October that summarized my previous efforts to migrate to Linux (Fedora, specifically) as my primary desktop operating system. (What I haven’t blogged about is the success I had switching to Fedora full-time when I joined Heptio.) I took another big step forward in my efforts this past week, when I rebuilt my 2011-era Mac Pro workstation to run Fedora.

When I mentioned this on Twitter, a few people asked the question every parent dreads hearing: “Why?” (If you’ve been a parent for more than a couple years you’ll understand this.) The motivation for using Linux is something I’ve already discussed. As for the hardware, it’s simple: the hardware for the Mac Pro is very good (see the base specs here), so why not re-use the hardware for use with Linux? I mean, if I’ve already decided on running Linux (which I have), then why spend money on new hardware Continue reading

KubeCon 2018 Day 2 Keynote

This is a liveblog of the day 2 (Wednesday) keynotes at KubeCon/CloudNativeCon 2018 in Seattle, WA. For additional KubeCon 2018 coverage, check out other articles tagged KubeCon2018.

Kicking off the day 2 keynotes, Liz Rice takes the stage at 9:02am (same time as yesterday, making me wonder if my clock is off by 2 minutes). Rice immediately brings out Janet Kuo, Software Engineer at Google and co-chair with Rice of the KubeCon/CloudNativeCon event program. Kuo will be delivering a Kubernetes project update.

Kuo starts off by reiterating the announcement of the Kubernetes 1.13 release, and looking back on her very first commit to Kubernetes in 2015 (just prior to the 1.0 release and the formation of the CNCF). Kuo talks about how Kubernetes, as a software cycle, has matured through the cycle of first focusing on innovation, then expanding to include scale, and finally expanding again to include stability (critical for enterprise adopters).

Reviewing usage details, Kuo states that she believes Kubernetes has moved—in the context of the technology adoption curve—from early adopters to early majority, the first phase in the mainstream market (and, for those who think in these terms, has crossed the chasm). However, this also Continue reading

Liveblog: Hardening Kubernetes Setups

This is a liveblog of the KubeCon NA 2018 session titled “Hardening Kubernetes Setup: War Stories from the Trenches of Production.” The speaker is Puja Abbassi (@puja108 on Twitter) from Giant Swarm. It’s a pretty popular session, held in one of the larger ballrooms up on level 6 of the convention center, and nearly every seat was full.

Abbassi starts by talking about Giant Swarm’s environment, in which they run more than 100 clusters across different clouds and different regions. These clusters are running for different companies, different industries, and they serve different use cases for various constituents of users. Abbassi says that Giant Swarm opts to give users more freedom in how they use (and potentially misuse) the clusters.

Obviously, this can lead to problems, and that’s where the postmortems come into play. Abbassi explains the idea behind postmortems by quoting a definition from the Google SRE book, and then provides some context about the process that Giant Swarm follows when conducting postmortems. That leads into a discussion of various postmortems conducted at Giant Swarm.

The first one mentioned by Abbassi concerns a memory leak first fixed in 1.11.4 and 1.12.0. Prior to Continue reading

Liveblog: Linkerd 2.0, Now with Extra Prometheus

This is a liveblog of the KubeCon NA 2018 session titled “Linkerd 2.0, Now with Extra Prometheus.” The speakers are Frederic Branczyk from Red Hat and Andrew Seigner with Buoyant.

Seigner kicks off the session with a quick introduction before handing off to Branczyk. Prometheus, for folks who didn’t know, originated at SoundCloud with a couple of ex-Googlers. Prometheus is one of the graduated CNCF projects and—judging by a show of hands in response to a speaker question—lots of folks here at KubeCon know about Prometheus and are using Prometheus in production.

Branczyk provides an overview of Prometheus, explaining that it pulls metrics from a target on a set of regular intervals (like every 15 seconds, for example). Prometheus stores those metrics in a time-series database, so every time it pulls metrics it stores them in a time series. As a monitoring solution, it also has to provide alerting, to notify cluster operators/administrators that some metric is outside of some predefined threshold.

With regards to Kubernetes, Prometheus has built-in support to perform service discovery in Kubernetes by querying the Kubernetes API. This enables it to discover Pods backing a Service and scrape (pull) the metrics from those discovered Continue reading

KubeCon 2018 Day 1 Keynote

This is a liveblog from the day 1 (Tuesday, December 11) keynote of KubeCon/CloudNativeCon 2018 in Seattle, WA. This will be my first (and last!) KubeCon as a Heptio employee, and looking forward to the event.

The keynote kicks off at 9:02am with Liz Rice, Technology Evangelist at Aqua Security. Rice welcomes attendees (back) to Seattle, and she shares that this year’s event in Seattle is 8x the size of the same event in Seattle just two years ago. Rice also shares some statistics from other CNCF events around the world, stressing the growth of these events both in size and in the number of events happening worldwide.

Rice next shares some entertaining statistics about web site visits to kubernetes.io versus some other popular brands. (TL;DR: Kubernetes gets more web site visits than the Seahawks and Manchester United, but not as many as Starbucks.)

Moving on, Rice talks for a few minutes about the strategy or purpose behind the collection of projects that fall under the CNCF umbrella (to provide some of the important building blocks in the full stack of technologies to support cloud-native environments). At this point, Rice turns it over to Michelle Noorali, Continue reading

Technology Short Take 107

Welcome to Technology Short Take #107! In response to my request for feedback in the last Technology Short Take, a few readers responded in favor of a more regular publication schedule even if that means the articles are shorter in length. Thus, this Tech Short Take may be a bit shorter than usual, but hopefully you’ll still find something useful.

Networking

Servers/Hardware

  • Christian Kellner provides a brief reminder that not all USB-C ports are Thunderbolt ports, and updates everyone on the status of bolt (Linux utility for working with Thunderbolt ports and peripherals).

Security

  • Troy Hunt has a good article on security measures other than just passwords, explaining some of the differences between multi-factor authentication and multi-step authentication (for example). Highly recommended reading.

Cloud Computing/Cloud Management

Supercharging my CLI

I spent a lot of time in the terminal. I can’t really explain why; for many things it just feels faster and more comfortable to do them via the command line interface (CLI) instead of via a graphical point-and-click interface. (I’m not totally against GUIs, for some tasks they’re far easier.) As a result, when I find tools that make my CLI experience faster/easier/more powerful, that’s a big boon. Over the last few months, I’ve added some tools to my Fedora laptop that have really added some power and flexibility to my CLI environment. In this post, I want to share some details on these tools and how I’m using them.

The tools I’ve adopted and that I’ll discuss in this post are:

  • powerline-go for an informative CLI prompt
  • rg for faster content searches
  • fd for faster filename searches
  • fzf for fuzzy command history access and faster directory navigation

Let’s take a closer look at each of these.

A More Informative Shell Prompt

There’s been quite a few articles written about powerline, a Python-based utility that provides a much more informative shell prompt. Instead of going down the traditional powerline route, I found powerline-go—a small, statically linked Continue reading

Technology Short Take 106

Welcome to Technology Short Take #106! It’s been quite a while (over a month) since the last Tech Short Take, as this one kept getting pushed back. Sorry about that, folks! Hopefully I’ve still managed to find useful and helpful links to include below. Enjoy!

Networking

Servers/Hardware

  • The Intel Management Engine (ME) has received a bit of attention as a potential security vulnerability; in this article, authors Maxim Goryachy and Mark Ermolov expose some new concerns around the Intel ME and its undocumented Manufacturing Mode.
  • Serve The Home takes a critical look at the Bloomberg Supermicro stories, debunking or at least calling into question many details of the Continue reading

Spousetivities at DockerCon EU 18

DockerCon EU 18 is set to kick off in early December (December 3-5, to be precise!) in Barcelona, Spain. Thanks to Docker’s commitment to attendee families—something for which I have and will continue to commend them—DockerCon will offer both childcare (as they have in years past) and spouse/partner activities via Spousetivities. Let me just say: Spousetivities in Barcelona rocks. Crystal lines up a great set of activities that really cannot be beat.

Here’s some details on what’s available in Barcelona for DockerCon EU 18:

  • On Monday, December 3, there will be a private tour of Costa Brava and Girona. Girona is an extremely well-preserved medieval walled city dating back to the first century! If you’re a fan of history, this is one not to miss. The tour will, of course, include an amazing lunch in a traditional local restaurant.
  • Tuesday, December 4, participants will do a combined Barcelona city tour along with a visit to the famous La Sagrada Familia. The city tour will include stops to sample a wide variety of tapas in local venues. You’ll also get to visit La Sagrada Familia, which is a definite must-see if you’ve never visited before.
  • Wrapping up the events on Continue reading

More on Setting up etcd with Kubeadm

A while ago I wrote about using kubeadm to bootstrap an etcd cluster with TLS. In that post, I talked about one way to establish a secure etcd cluster using kubeadm and running etcd as systemd units. In this post, I want to focus on a slightly different approach: running etcd as static pods. The information on this post is intended to build upon the information already available in the Kubernetes official documentation, not serve as a replacement.

For reference, the Kubernetes official documentation has a write-up on using kubeadm to establish an etcd cluster with etcd running as static pods. For Kubernetes 1.12.x (the current version as of this writing), that information is here; for Kubernetes 1.11.x, that same information is here.

When using these instructions for use with Kubernetes 1.11.x, the official guide leaves something out that is very important: reconfiguring the kubelet to operate in a standalone fashion (without the Kubernetes control plane). This information is present in the 1.12.x documentation, but it applies to both versions.

Now, lest you think you can just follow the 1.12.x documentation for a 1.11.x cluster, you need Continue reading

Validating RAML Files Using Docker

Back in July of this year I introduced Polyglot, a project whose only purpose is to provide a means for me to learn more about software development and programming (areas where am I sorely lacking real knowledge). In the limited spare time I’ve had to work on Polyglot in the ensuing months, I’ve been building out an API specification using RAML, and in this post I’ll share how I use Docker and a Docker image to validate my RAML files.

Since I was (am) using Visual Studio Code as my primary text editor/development environment these days, I started out by looking for a RAML extension that would provide some sort of linting/validation functionality. I found an extension to do RAML syntax highlighting, which seemed like a reasonable first step.

After a bit more research, I found that there was a raml-cli NPM package that one could use to validate RAML files from the command line. I was a bit leery of installing an NPM package on my system, so I thought, “Why not use a Docker container for this?” It will keep my system clean of excess/unnecessary packages and dependencies, and it will provide some practice with Continue reading

Technology Short Take 105

Welcome to Technology Short Take #105! Here’s another collection of articles and blog posts about some of the common technologies that modern IT professionals will typically encounter. I hope that something I’ve included here proves to be useful for you.

Networking

Servers/Hardware

Security

VMworld EMEA 2018 and Spousetivities

Registration is now open for Spousetivities at VMworld EMEA 2108 in Barcelona! Crystal just opened registration in the last day or so, and I wanted to help get the message out about these activities.

Here’s a quick peek at what Crystal has lined up for Spousetivities participants:

  • A visit to the coastal village of Calella de Palafrugell, the village of Llafranc, and Pals (one of the most well-preserved medieval villages in all of Catalunya), along with wine in the Empordá region
  • Tour of the Dali Museum
  • Lunch and tour of Girona
  • A lunch-time food tour
  • A visit to the Collsera Natural Park and Mount Tibidabo, along with lunch at a 16th century stone farmhouse

For even more details, visit the Spousetivities site.

These activities look amazing. Even if you’ve been to Barcelona before, these unique activities and tours are not available to the public—they’re specially crafted specifically for Spousetivities participants.

Prices for all these activities are reduced thanks to Veeam’s sponsorship, and to help make things even more affordable there is a Full Week Pass that gives you access to all the activities at an additional discount.

These activities will almost certainly sell out, so register today!

Side note: Continue reading

Setting up the Kubernetes AWS Cloud Provider

The AWS cloud provider for Kubernetes enables a couple of key integration points for Kubernetes running on AWS; namely, dynamic provisioning of Elastic Block Store (EBS) volumes and dynamic provisioning/configuration of Elastic Load Balancers (ELBs) for exposing Kubernetes Service objects. Unfortunately, the documentation surrounding how to set up the AWS cloud provider with Kubernetes is woefully inadequate. This article is an attempt to help address that shortcoming.

More details are provided below, but at a high-level here’s what you’ll need to make the AWS cloud provider in Kubernetes work:

  • The hostname of each node must match EC2’s private DNS entry for that node
  • An IAM role and policy that EC2 instances can assume as an instance profile
  • Kubernetes-specific tags applied to the AWS resources used by the cluster
  • Particular command-line flags added to the Kubernetes API server, Kubernetes controller manager, and the Kubelet

Let’s dig into these requirements in a bit more detail.

Node Hostname

It’s important that the name of the Node object in Kubernetes matches the private DNS entry for the instance in EC2. You can use hostnamectl or a confiugration management tool (take your pick) to set the instance’s hostname to the FQDN that matches the EC2 Continue reading

A Markdown-to-PDF Workflow on Linux

In May of last year I wrote about using a Makefile with Markdown documents, in which I described how I use make and a Makefile along with CLI tools like multimarkdown (the binary, not the format) and Pandoc. At that time, I’d figured out how to use combinations of the various CLI tools to create various formats from the source Markdown document. The one format I hadn’t gotten right at that time was PDF. Pandoc can create PDFs, but only if LaTeX is installed. This article describes a method I found that allows me to create PDFs from my Markdown documents without using LaTeX.

Two tools are involved in this new conversion process: Pandoc, which I’ve discussed on this site before; and wkhtmltopdf, a new tool I just recently discovered. Basically, I use Pandoc to go from Markdown (MultiMarkdown, specifically) to HTML, and then use wkhtmltopdf to generate a PDF file from the HTML.

The first step in the process is to use Pandoc to convert from Markdown to HTML, including the use of CSS to include custom formatting. The command looks something like this:

pandoc --from=markdown_mmd+yaml_metadata_block+smart --standalone \
--to=html -V css=/home/slowe/Documents/std-styles.css \
--output=<destination-html-filename> <source-md-filename>

This generates Continue reading

Running the gcloud CLI in a Docker Container

A few times over the last week or two I’ve had a need to use the gcloud command-line tool to access or interact with Google Cloud Platform (GCP). Because working with GCP is something I don’t do very often, I prefer to not install the Google Cloud SDK; instead, I run it in a Docker container. However, there is a trick to doing this, and so to make it easier for others I’m documenting it here.

The gcloud tool stores some authentication data that it needs every time it runs. As a result, when you run it in a Docker container, you must take care to store this authentication data outside the container. Most of the tutorials I’ve seen, like this one, suggest the use of a named Docker container. For future invocations after the first, you would then use the --volumes-from parameter to access this named container.

There’s only one small problem with this approach: what if you’re using another tool that also needs access to these GCP credentials? In my case, I needed to be able to run Packer against GCP as well. If the authentication information is stored inside a named Docker container (and then accessed Continue reading

Technology Short Take 104

Welcome to Technology Short Take 104! For many of my readers, VMworld 2018 in Las Vegas was “front and center” for them since the last Tech Short Take. Since I wasn’t attending the conference, I won’t try to aggregate information from the event; instead, I’ll focus on including some nuggets you may have missed amidst all the noise.

Networking

Servers/Hardware

  • Greg Schulz discusses new Power9-based systems announced by IBM; see his post. Normally I wouldn’t be too interested in non-x86 stuff, as it seems like x86 is ascendant. However, given the rise of all the various speculative execution attacks, and given the recent interest in ARM platforms (can’t recall if they are affected by the speculative execution attacks), is a revival of non-x86 platforms in the works?

Security

Nothing this time around, but I’ll stay alert for items to include next time!

Cloud Computing/Cloud Management

Kubernetes with Cilium and Containerd using Kubeadm

Now, if that isn’t a title jam-packed with buzzwords, I don’t know what is! In seriousness, though, I wanted to share how to use kubeadm to turn up a Kubernetes cluster using containerd (instead of Docker) and Cilium as the CNI plugin. I’m posting this because I wasn’t able to find a reasonable article that combined all the different threads—some posts talked about using containerd, others talked about using Cilium, and the official Kubernetes docs have examples for using kubeadm. The purpose of this post is to try to pull those threads together.

For structure and context, I’ll build upon the official Kubernetes document outlining creating highly available clusters with kubeadm. You may find it helpful to pull up that article next to this one, as I won’t be duplicating that content here. Instead, I’ll just reference additions/changes to the process in order to accommodate containerd and Cilium.

Before getting started, make sure that your systems will meet the minimum requirements for Cilium. For my testing, I used Ubuntu 16.04 with the latest HWE kernel (4.15.0-33-generic). I used a private fork of Wardroom to build the AWS AMIs with containerd and all the Kubernetes 1.11.2 Continue reading

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