Can You Keep a Secret? (Part 2)

In part one, we saw how AES can be used to encrypt sensitive data so that it can be retrieved only by using an encryption key. The problem with this approach is that everyone who needs access to the data must have a copy of the key. If any one of these copies becomes compromised, the entire database must be re-encrypted using a new key, and the new key must be distributed securely to all parties involved. In this article, we'll see how symmetric encryption can be combined with asymmetric cryptography (namely RSA) to create a hybrid cryptosystem.

Let's begin by encrypting some data using AES as we did in part one. First we pad our plaintext's length to a multiple of 16 using null bytes, then generate a 256-bit encryption key and a 128-bit IV, and finally encrypt it with CFB-mode AES to generate a string of ciphertext.

>>> from Crypto.Cipher import AES
>>> import os
>>> plaintext = "Operation Neptune will launch on June 6th"
>>> plaintext += (16 - len(plaintext) % 16) * chr(0)
>>> encryption_key = os.urandom(32)
>>> iv = os.urandom(16)
>>> cipher = AES.new(encryption_key, AES.MODE_CFB, iv)
>>> ciphertext =  Continue reading

Can You Keep a Secret?

I've been developing an IPAM/DCIM tool for work over the past several months (more on that soon), and recently my focus has been on expanding it to store confidential data associated with network devices. Backup login credentials, TACACS+/RADIUS secrets, SNMP communities, and so on: Short strings that need to be stored securely.

Hashing

Storing a password or other small piece of sensitive data is different from merely authenticating against it. Most password storage mechanisms never actually store a user's actual password, but rather an irreversible hash of it. (That is if you're doing it correctly, at least.)

For example, the Django Python framework (which powers packetlife.net) by default employs salted SHA256 hashes to authenticate user passwords. When a password is saved, a random salt is generated and concatenated with the plaintext password. (A salt is used to prevent two identical passwords from producing the same hash.) The SHA256 algorithm is then run against the whole thing to produce a fixed-length hash. Here's an example in Python using Django's built-in make_password() function:

>>> from django.contrib.auth.hashers import make_password
>>> make_password("MyP@ssw0rd!")
u'pbkdf2_sha256$12000$x5E0yB2dh13m$ablUOER8qn4CxjmHZlJrUUA1Cb9MeLXvfggTnG56QpM='

Continue reading · 4 comments

Can You Keep a Secret?

I've been developing an IPAM/DCIM tool for work over the past several months (more on that soon), and recently my focus has been on expanding it to store confidential data associated with network devices. Backup login credentials, TACACS+/RADIUS secrets, SNMP communities, and so on: Short strings that need to be stored securely.

Hashing

Storing a password or other small piece of sensitive data is different from merely authenticating against it. Most password storage mechanisms never actually store a user's actual password, but rather an irreversible hash of it. (That is if you're doing it correctly, at least.)

For example, the Django Python framework (which powers packetlife.net) by default employs salted SHA256 hashes to authenticate user passwords. When a password is saved, a random salt is generated and concatenated with the plaintext password. (A salt is used to prevent two identical passwords from producing the same hash.) The SHA256 algorithm is then run against the whole thing to produce a fixed-length hash. Here's an example in Python using Django's built-in make_password() function:

>>> from django.contrib.auth.hashers import make_password
>>> make_password("MyP@ssw0rd!")
u'pbkdf2_sha256$12000$x5E0yB2dh13m$ablUOER8qn4CxjmHZlJrUUA1Cb9MeLXvfggTnG56QpM='

Continue reading · 4 comments

Stretch’s Hierarchy of Network Needs

Remember Maslow's hierarchy of needs from school? The theory asserts that every human shares the same set of basic physical and psychological needs in order to be happy, with more primal needs like food and shelter taking precedence over emotional needs like love and companionship.

A while back, I was pondering what would be necessary to fully automate a network, and it occurred to me that a very similar hierarchy of needs can be laid out for a computer network to achieve its optimal state.

1. A Functioning Network

At the very bottom of the hierarchy is everything a network requires to function: Routers, switches, cabling, power, and so on, just as tier one of Maslow's hierarchy encompasses everything a human needs to stay alive. At this stage, a network can function, and can even function well, but it cannot adapt or grow.

Many small businesses operate their networks at this stage for years with no major problems. After all, when left alone, computers and networks tend to just keep chugging along. And if your entire network comprises a cable modem, a switch, and a few access points, it's entirely possible that it will run for years without needing Continue reading

Stretch’s Hierarchy of Network Needs

Remember Maslow's hierarchy of needs from school? The theory asserts that every human shares the same set of basic physical and psychological needs in order to be happy, with more primal needs like food and shelter taking precedence over emotional needs like love and companionship.

A while back, I was pondering what would be necessary to fully automate a network, and it occurred to me that a very similar hierarchy of needs can be laid out for a computer network to achieve its optimal state.

1. A Functioning Network

At the very bottom of the hierarchy is everything a network requires to function: Routers, switches, cabling, power, and so on, just as tier one of Maslow's hierarchy encompasses everything a human needs to stay alive. At this stage, a network can function, and can even function well, but it cannot adapt or grow.

Many small businesses operate their networks at this stage for years with no major problems. After all, when left alone, computers and networks tend to just keep chugging along. And if your entire network comprises a cable modem, a switch, and a few access points, it's entirely possible that it will run for years without needing Continue reading

Thoughts on Two Years of Working from Home

I've spent the past two years working from home as a network engineer for two different companies. At first, I wasn't sure how well the remote lifestyle would suit me, but after a short time I settled into a very comfortable routine. And to my surprise, I discovered that I was much more productive working from the serenity of my home office than I ever was in a cubicle. I'd like to share my observations with the hope of convincing others to try ditching the office as well.

Why Work Remote?

No More Commute

This is the most obvious benefit to working remote. No more sitting in rush hour traffic twice a day. Even if you take public transit and are able to play on your laptop for most of the trip, commuting is a major time sink. Most people will instantly gain back at least an hour of time by foregoing the daily drive to and from the office. What could you do with an extra hour each day?

And beyond time, there are ample corollary benefits. You (or your company) are no longer paying for as much fuel or fare. You're greatly reducing your risk of being injured Continue reading

Thoughts on Two Years of Working from Home

I've spent the past two years working from home as a network engineer for two different companies. At first, I wasn't sure how well the remote lifestyle would suit me, but after a short time I settled into a very comfortable routine. And to my surprise, I discovered that I was much more productive working from the serenity of my home office than I ever was in a cubicle. I'd like to share my observations with the hope of convincing others to try ditching the office as well.

Why Work Remote?

No More Commute

This is the most obvious benefit to working remote. No more sitting in rush hour traffic twice a day. Even if you take public transit and are able to play on your laptop for most of the trip, commuting is a major time sink. Most people will instantly gain back at least an hour of time by foregoing the daily drive to and from the office. What could you do with an extra hour each day?

And beyond time, there are ample corollary benefits. You (or your company) are no longer paying for as much fuel or fare. You're greatly reducing your risk of being injured Continue reading

Writing a Custom IPAM Application

Four years ago, I lamented the lackluster selection of IPAM applications available for service providers. Unfortunately, it seems not much has changed lately. I was back to exploring IPAM offerings again recently, this time with the needs of a cloud hosting provider in mind. I demoed a few tools, but none of them seemed to fit the bill (or they did, but were laughably overpriced).

So, I decided to write my own. In my rantings a few years back, I had considered this option:

Could I create a custom IPAM solution with everything we need? Sure! The problem is that I'm a network engineer, not a programmer (a natural division of labor which, it seems, is mostly to blame for the lack of robust IPAM solutions available). Even if I had the time to undertake such a project, I have little interest in providing long-term maintenance of it.

My opinion has not changed, but I've come to realize that if I want a tool that fits my requirements, I will need to build it. And after surprisingly little time, I'm happy to report that I have now have a kick-ass IPAM tool that does exactly what I want it to.

Continue reading

Writing a Custom IPAM Application

Four years ago, I lamented the lackluster selection of IPAM applications available for service providers. Unfortunately, it seems not much has changed lately. I was back to exploring IPAM offerings again recently, this time with the needs of a cloud hosting provider in mind. I demoed a few tools, but none of them seemed to fit the bill (or they did, but were laughably overpriced).

So, I decided to write my own. In my rantings a few years back, I had considered this option:

Could I create a custom IPAM solution with everything we need? Sure! The problem is that I'm a network engineer, not a programmer (a natural division of labor which, it seems, is mostly to blame for the lack of robust IPAM solutions available). Even if I had the time to undertake such a project, I have little interest in providing long-term maintenance of it.

My opinion has not changed, but I've come to realize that if I want a tool that fits my requirements, I will need to build it. And after surprisingly little time, I'm happy to report that I have now have a kick-ass IPAM tool that does exactly what I want it to.

Continue reading

What the CCIE does not Prove

I came across an article today about a 19-year-old who earned his CCIE. It reminded me of a Reddit post from a few weeks ago. Someone asked why, when evaluating a CCIE, hiring managers still demand a number of years of practical experience in the field.

I'm in a situation where I'm a CCNP with 3 years of experience. I want to get my CCIE but I keep being told left and right I don't have enough experience and I'll never get a CCIE job without 7 years of experience. Am I supposed to just laze around and wait until I get more experience? It just doesn't make sense.

This is a fairly common misunderstanding among people new to our field, and is largely the result of vendor marketing. People want so badly to believe that a certification proves their worth as an individual, when in reality its value is much more narrowly defined.

Continue reading · 44 comments

What the CCIE does not Prove

I came across an article today about a 19-year-old who earned his CCIE. It reminded me of a Reddit post from a few weeks ago. Someone asked why, when evaluating a CCIE, hiring managers still demand a number of years of practical experience in the field.

I'm in a situation where I'm a CCNP with 3 years of experience. I want to get my CCIE but I keep being told left and right I don't have enough experience and I'll never get a CCIE job without 7 years of experience. Am I supposed to just laze around and wait until I get more experience? It just doesn't make sense.

This is a fairly common misunderstanding among people new to our field, and is largely the result of vendor marketing. People want so badly to believe that a certification proves their worth as an individual, when in reality its value is much more narrowly defined.

Continue reading · 44 comments

Traceroute and Not-so-Equal ECMP

I came across an odd little issue recently involving equal-cost multipath (ECMP) routing and traceroute. Traceroutes from within our network to destinations out on the Internet were following two different paths, with one path being one hop longer than the other. This resulted in mangled traceroute output, impeding our ability to troubleshoot.

The relevant network topology comprises a mesh of two edge routers and two core switches. Each edge router has a number of transit circuits to different providers, and advertises a default route via OSPF to the two core switches below. The core switches each load-balance traffic across both default routes to either edge routers.

Because each edge router has different providers, some destinations are routed out via edge1 and others via edge2, which means sometimes a packet will be routed to edge2 via edge1, or vice versa.

Routers typically employ a hash function using layer three and four information from each packet to pseudo-randomly distribute traffic across equal links. Typically, all packets belonging to a flow (e.g. all packets with the same source and destination IP and port numbers) follow the same path.

However, in this case traceroute packets were being split across two path of unequal Continue reading

Traceroute and Not-so-Equal ECMP

I came across an odd little issue recently involving equal-cost multipath (ECMP) routing and traceroute. Traceroutes from within our network to destinations out on the Internet were following two different paths, with one path being one hop longer than the other. This resulted in mangled traceroute output, impeding our ability to troubleshoot.

The relevant network topology comprises a mesh of two edge routers and two core switches. Each edge router has a number of transit circuits to different providers, and advertises a default route via OSPF to the two core switches below. The core switches each load-balance traffic across both default routes to either edge routers.

Because each edge router has different providers, some destinations are routed out via edge1 and others via edge2, which means sometimes a packet will be routed to edge2 via edge1, or vice versa.

Routers typically employ a hash function using layer three and four information from each packet to pseudo-randomly distribute traffic across equal links. Typically, all packets belonging to a flow (e.g. all packets with the same source and destination IP and port numbers) follow the same path.

However, in this case traceroute packets were being split across two path of unequal Continue reading

Networking FAQ 4: Fundamentals

Continue reading · 20 comments

Networking FAQ 4: Fundamentals

Continue reading · 20 comments