Tradeoffs Come in Threes

On a Spring 2019 walk in Beijing I saw two street sweepers at a sunny corner. They were beat-up looking and grizzled but probably younger than me. They’d paused work to smoke and talk. One told a story; the other’s eyes widened and then he laughed so hard he had to bend over, leaning on his broom. I suspect their jobs and pay were lousy and their lives constrained in ways I can’t imagine. But they had time to smoke a cigarette and crack a joke. You know what that’s called? Waste, inefficiency, a suboptimal outcome. Some of the brightest minds in our economy are earnestly engaged in stamping it out. They’re winning, but everyone’s losing. —Tim Bray

This, in a nutshell, is what is often wrong with our design thinking in the networking world today. We want things to be efficient, wringing the last little dollar, and the last little bit of bandwidth, out of everything.

This is also, however, a perfect example of the problem of triads and tradeoffs. In the case of the street sweeper, we might thing, “well, we could replace those folks sitting around smoking a cigarette and cracking jokes with a robot, making things Continue reading

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the introduction of ATSC 3.0. This is the newest upgrade to broadcast television and is the first big upgrade since TV converted to all-digital over a decade ago. ATSC 3.0 is the latest standard that’s been released by the Advanced Television Systems Committee that creates the standards used by over-the-air broadcasters. —Doug Dawson

Adjacency to the current set of capabilities provides a disciplined way to think about where to invest next when working to stave off irrelevance. If distribution of runtimes is blocked, competition falters, and adjacent capabilities can go un-addressed. —Alex Russell

One strong message from the 2018 APNIC Survey was that not all organizations are ready to deploy IPv6, therefore, even while promoting IPv6 deployment, APNIC must continue to support access to IPv4 address space. —Vivek Nigam

How can we find a way to gain 80% of the benefits for 20% of the work? Named after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, the “Pareto Principle” asserts that for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. Can we identify a Cybersecurity Pareto Principle? We can if security teams concentrate on these six priorities: —Dan Blum

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a secure Continue reading

The Hedge Podcast 44: Pete Lumbis and Open Source

Open source software is everywhere, it seems—and yet it’s nowhere at the same time. Everyone is talking about it, but how many people and organizations are actually using it? Pete Lumbis at NVIDIA joins Tom Ammon and Russ White to discuss the many uses and meanings of open source software in the networking world.

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Zero Trust and the Cookie Metaphor

In old presentations on network security (watch this space; I’m working on a new security course for Ignition in the next six months or so), I would use a pair of chocolate chip cookies as an illustration for network security. In the old days, I’d opine, network security was like a cookie that was baked to be crunchy on the outside and gooey on the inside. Now-a-days, however, I’d say network security needs to be more like a store-bought cookie—crunchy all the way through. I always used this illustration to make a point about defense-in-depth. You cannot assume the thin crunchy security layer at the edge of your network—generally in the form of stateful packet filters and the like (okay, firewalls, but let’s leave the appliance world behind for a moment)—is what you really need.

There are such things as insider attacks, after all. Further, once someone breaks through the thin crunchy layer at the edge, you really don’t want them being able to move laterally through your network.

The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has released a draft paper describing Zero Trust Architecture, which addresses many of the same concerns as the cookie that’s crunchy Continue reading

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Better late that never …

For decades, we have prized efficiency in our economy. We strive for it. We reward it. In normal times, that’s a good thing. Running just at the margins is efficient. A single just-in-time global supply chain is efficient. Consolidation is efficient. And that’s all profitable. Inefficiency, on the other hand, is waste. Extra inventory is inefficient. Overcapacity is inefficient. Using many small suppliers is inefficient. Inefficiency is unprofitable. —Bruce Schneier

In this post, we describe the challenges associated with measuring anycast services and propose a tool called the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Tuner. By using our open-source tool, operators can see in advance how changes in their BGP policies may impact the traffic load distribution over the anycast sites. This post is a short description of our technical report available here. —Joao M. Ceron

There are increasing calls to break up, tax, regulate or [other intervention here] Big Tech. What I’m curious about is what for. —Matt Webb

Hence I made a self-experiment in which I generated two certificates with random names, monitoring the authoritative DNS servers as well as the IPv6 addresses of those names in order to check who is resolving/connecting to otherwise Continue reading

The Hedge Pdocast Episode 43: Ivan Pepelnjak and Trusting Routing Protocols

Can you really trust what a routing protocol tells you about how to reach a given destination? Ivan Pepelnjak joins Nick Russo and Russ White to provide a longer version of the tempting one-word answer: no! Join us as we discuss a wide range of issues including third-party next-hops, BGP communities, and the RPKI.

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History of USENET with Steve Bellovin

Steve Bellovin began working on networks as a system administrator, helping to build USENIX, which supports operating system research. His work as a system administrator drew his interest into security and cryptographic protection of data, leading him into working on some of the foundational protocols on the Internet.

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While the pandemic circling the globe has undermined many critical systems and institutions of our society, I believe it also has the potential to strengthen the resolve of the Internet community to embrace the vision Berners-Lee had more than 50 years ago. We have the opportunity to enter the next major phase of the Internet — the era of trust. —Byron Holland

Driven by growth in the JavaScript, Java, and Python ecosystems, the number of open source software packages more than doubled in 2019, but the number of vulnerabilities fell by 20%, suggesting that developers are weeding out simple vulnerabilities, a new report shows. —Robert Lemos

MANRS began as a collaboration among network operators and internet exchange providers, with Verisign formally becoming a participant in its Network Operator Program in 2017. Since then, with the help of Verisign and other MANRS participants, the initiative has grown to also include content delivery networks (CDN) and cloud providers. —Yong Kim

Insider threats can be accidental or intentional, but the impact of insider breaches remain the same. Negligence at the organization regarding data privacy requirements and compliance can cause catastrophic data loss. To implement effective mitigation measures, employees must be aware of their Continue reading

Packet Pushers: The New Network Challenge

A couple of weeks ago Scott Morris, Ethan Banks, and I sat down to talk about a project I’ve been working on for a while—a different way of looking at reaching for and showing your skills as a network engineer.

Today’s Heavy Networking explores ideas for designing a new networking certification program. The concept is built around a network design challenge that focuses on broad, systems-oriented knowledge.

You can listen over at Packet Pushers, or download the show directly here.

The Hedge Podcast Episode 42: Andrei Robachevsky and MANRS

The security of the global routing table is foundational to the security of the overall Internet as an ecosystem—if routing cannot be trusted, then everything that relies on routing is suspect, as well. Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) is a project of the Internet Society designed to draw network operators of all kinds into thinking about, and doing something about, the security of the global routing table by using common-sense filtering and observation. Andrei Robachevsky joins Russ White and Tom Ammon to talk about MANRS.

More information about MANRS can be found on the project web site, including how to join and how to support global routing security.

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The Network is not Free: The Case of the Connected Toaster

Latency is a big deal for many modern applications, particularly in the realm of machine learning applied to problems like determining if someone standing at your door is a delivery person or a … robber out to grab all your smart toasters and big screen television. The problem is networks, particularly in the last mile don’t deal with latency very well. In fact, most of the network speeds and feeds available in anything outside urban areas kindof stinks. The example given by Bagchi et al. is this—

A fixed video sensor may generate 6Mbps of video 24/7, thus producing nearly 2TB of data per month—an amount unsustainable according to business practices for consumer connections, for example, Comcast’s data cap is at 1TB/month and Verizon Wireless throttles traffic over 26GB/month. For example, with DOCSIS 3.0, a widely deployed cable Internet technology, most U.S.-based cable systems deployed today support a maximum of 81Mbps aggregated over 500 home—just 0.16Mbps per home.

Bagchi, Saurabh, Muhammad-Bilal Siddiqui, Paul Wood, and Heng Zhang. “Dependability in Edge Computing.” Communications of the ACM 63, no. 1 (December 2019): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1145/3362068.

The authors claim a lot of the problem here is just Continue reading

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A little late, but still…

In the recent GitHub Satellite online conference, one of the most exciting product announcements was GitHub Codespaces. The idea is to have a code button on every repository. —Michael Yuan

High impact vulnerabilities in modern communication protocol used by mobile network operators (MNOs) can be exploited to intercept user data and carry out impersonation, fraud, and denial of service (DoS) attacks, cautions a newly published research. —Ravie Lakshmanan

I want to explain the cost structure that firms, and in particular technology companies, must manage. I absorbed these lessons by studying the financial documents and annual reports of companies that perhaps you aspire to work for or whose products you may use and enjoy. —Adam Naor

As a search engine optimization (SEO) and domain name consultant, one of the questions I get asked most often about domain names is whether or not the domain name or TLD (Top-Level Domain) matters. Will the domain name ending have an effect on SEO or search engine rankings. Are certain domain name endings preferred by the search engines over other domain name extensions? I decided to answer this question based on search engine optimization testing and not just on my Continue reading

The Hedge Episode 41: Centralized Architectures with Jari Arkko

Consolidation is a well-recognized trend in the Internet ecosystem—but what does this centralization mean in terms of distributed systems, such as the DNS? Jari Arkko joins this episode of the Hedge, along with Alvaro Retana, to discuss the import and impact of centralization on the Internet through his draft, draft-arkko-arch-infrastructure-centralisation.

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The History of LINUX and SUSE with Dirk Hohndel

Started as a consulting company, SUSE was one of the first organizations to begin working in the development and commercialization of LINUX. Through the years, LINUX has become the base for much of the IT world, including many of the open source network operating systems. Dirk Hohndel joins the History of Networking to discuss the origins of SUSE LINUX.

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Research: Off-Path TCP Attacks

I’s fnny, bt yu cn prbbly rd ths evn thgh evry wrd s mssng t lst ne lttr. This is because every effective language—or rather every communication system—carried enough information to reconstruct the original meaning even when bits are dropped. Over-the-wire protocols, like TCP, are no different—the protocol must carry enough information about the conversation (flow data) and the data being carried (metadata) to understand when something is wrong and error out or ask for a retransmission. These things, however, are a form of data exhaust; much like you can infer the tone, direction, and sometimes even the content of conversation just by watching the expressions, actions, and occasional word spoken by one of the participants, you can sometimes infer a lot about a conversation between two applications by looking at the amount and timing of data crossing the wire.

The paper under review today, Off-Path TCP Exploit, uses cleverly designed streams of packets and observations about the timing of packets in a TCP stream to construct an off-path TCP injection attack on wireless networks. Understanding the attack requires understanding the interaction between the collision avoidance used in wireless systems and TCP’s reaction to packets with a sequence number outside Continue reading

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A few months ago, there was a lot of discussion that despite its claims, Zoom did not actually offer end-to-end encryption. They’re in the process of fixing that, which is good, but that raises a deeper question: why trust their code?—Steve Bellovin

Intel has announced new CPU-level capabilities designed to protect apps against threats that take advantage of buffer overflow and other common vulnerabilities related to memory security. —Jai Vijayan

The Department of Homeland Security and CISA ICS-CERT today issued a critical security advisory warning about over a dozen newly discovered vulnerabilities affecting billions of Internet-connected devices manufactured by many vendors across the globe. —Mohit Kumar

The cyber risks to our H2O infrastructure have yet to enter the public debate in the way that vulnerabilities in the electric grid have, despite proven attacks on this critical infrastructure. —Samantha F. Ravich

Amazon Web Services recently had to defend against a DDoS attack with a peak traffic volume of 2.3 Tbps, the largest ever recorded, ZDNet reports. —Jon Porte

Intel today announced its third-generation Xeon Scalable (meaning Gold and Platinum) processors, along with new generations of its Optane persistent memory (read: extremely low-latency, high-endurance SSD) and Stratix AI FPGA products. Continue reading

The Hedge Podcast 40: Greg Ferro and the Path from Automated to Autonomic

The indomitable Greg Ferro joins this episode of the Hedge to talk about the path from automated to autonomic, including why you shouldn’t put everything into “getting automation right,” and why you still need to know the basics even if we reach a completely autonomic world.

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On the ‘net: One Size Never Fits All

You might have seen, in the recent pandemic, advertisements for masks where “one size fits all.” You might see the same sort of thing for gloves, or maybe even flip-flops—but what you will rarely find, in the networking world, is anything that fits all. It is, in fact, challenging to explain the plethora of protocols designed and deployed by the networking community to solve any possible problem.

Measuring the Core

This last week I was a guest on the TechSequences podcast with Leslie and Alexa discussing the centralization of the routed infrastructure in the ‘net. When that episode posts, I’ll cross post it here (but, of course, you should really just subscribe to their podcast, as they always have interesting guests—I’ll have Leslie and Alexa on the Hedge at some point, as well). The topic is related to this post on CircleID about the death of transit, which was a reaction to Geoff Huston’s article on the death of transit some time before.

All that to say… while reading through some research papers this week, I ran into a recent (2018) paper where Carisimo et al. try out different ways of measuring which autonomous systems belong to the “core” of the ‘net. They went about this by taking a set of AS’ “everyone” acknowledges to be “part of the core,” and then trying to find some measurement that successfully describes something all of them have in common.

The result is the k-metric, which measures the connectivity of an AS’ peers. If an AS has peers who are just as connected as they are, then k-metric is high. Otherwise, the k-metric Continue reading

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Mapping the Internet’s topology improves our understanding of its interconnectivity, and thus its robustness and resilience. One of the best ways to do this is to capture data at the router level; it provides the greatest detail of the physical infrastructure of the Internet. —Kevin Vermeulen

A number of groups are using different approaches to measure Internet outages, including active probing of most of the IPv4 Internet, and passive observation of traffic. Our group at the Information Sciences Institute of the University of Southern California (USC/ISC), developed Trinocular, a system that pings millions of /24 IPv4 blocks every 11 minutes (since October 2014). —Guillermo Baltra

Benefits like wearing pajama bottoms to work and going for a mid-day run can be mitigated by the costs to your motivation, self-confidence, and self-esteem when you no longer hear “you aced it!” from your boss on the walk back from a client meeting, or when you can’t get a high-five in the coffee room from a teammate — or even a smile from the receptionist on your way to the elevator. —Deborah Grayson Riegel

It’s a truism that in computing, the easiest way in the door is with a general-purpose computer, but when Continue reading