L3 routing to the hypervisor with BGP
On layer 2 networks, high availability can be achieved by:
- antique protocols, like the Spanning Tree Protocol,
- proprietary protocols, like Juniper’s virtual chassis, Cisco’s virtual port channel and other MC-LAG implementations,1
- standardized protocols, like Shortest Path Bridging Protocol or TRILL, or
- the underlying network (in the case of an overlay network, like VXLAN).
Layer 2 networks need very little configuration but come with a major drawback in highly available scenarios: an incident is likely to bring the whole network down.2 Therefore, it is safer to limit the scope of a single layer 2 network by, for example, using one distinct network in each rack and connecting them together with layer 3 routing. Incidents are unlikely to impact a whole IP network.
In the illustration below, top of the rack switches provide a default gateway for hosts. To provide redundancy, they use an MC-LAG implementation. Layer 2 fault domains are scoped to a rack. Each IP subnet is bound to a specific rack and routing information is shared between top of the rack switches and core routers using a routing protocol like OSPF.
There are two main issues with this design:
-
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