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Can’t remember the IPv6 6to4 conversion?

What is IPv6 6to4 tunnel address? 2022::/16 or 2002::/16? How do you convert the IPv4 address into IPv6 6to4 tunnel address? Well there is the long way, which you should understand and then there is the easy way in case you need to configure it really quickly. I found this nice method where you can use the IPv6 General Prefix feature to automatically calculate the conversion. Originally this feature was used to create a variable for IPv6 network, the “general-prefix”, to easily change all IPv6 addresses in case reassignment of IP subnets.

 

Configuration is pretty simple. First make sure to have the 6to4 Tunnel’s source interface configured, in my example that’s Loopback0 150.1.1.1.

Rack1R1#sh ip int brief loop0
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
Loopback0                  150.1.1.1       YES manual up                    up

Then configure the IPv6 general-prefix for 6to4 type using loop0.

Rack1R1(config)#ipv6 general-prefix MY-GEN-PRE 6to4 loopback0

Rack1R1#sh ipv6 general-prefix
IPv6 Prefix MY-GEN-PRE, acquired via 6to4
2002:9601:101::/48 Valid lifetime infinite, preferred lifetime infinite

The way you apply it on the tunnel is using regular ipv6 address command:

R1(config)#int tun1
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address ?
  WORD                General prefix name
  X:X:X:X::X          IPv6 link-local address
  X:X:X:X::X/  IPv6 prefix
  autoconfig          Obtain address  Continue reading

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Junos Load Balancing – PART 2 – Configuration

The configuration of the load balancing parameters is done at the forwarding-option level. There are 2 parts, each one is related to a type of hardware: - hash-key : for Ichip based platforms on MX or T series FPC - enhanced-hash-key : for Trio based...

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Junos Load Balancing – PART 2 – Configuration

The configuration of the load balancing parameters is done at the forwarding-option level. There are 2 parts, each one is related to a type of hardware: - hash-key : for Ichip based platforms on MX or T series FPC - enhanced-hash-key : for Trio based...

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Scripted Flexpod Provisioning – First Impressions

I had the opportunity this week to ascertain the feasibility of automating the provisioning of a full Flexpod. For reference, this is considering a “vanilla” Flexpod build: Pair of Nexus 5ks Pair of Cisco UCS Fabric Interconnects (with a few chassis) Netapp running ONTAP 7-Mode (I tested on FAS6070) Note that this also makes a few assumptions about the build. FC via Nexus 5000, no MDS No existing vCenter integration or storage migration So - pretty much a green field Flexpod build, pretty close to the specs laid out in the design guide.

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Scripted Flexpod Provisioning – First Impressions

I had the opportunity this week to ascertain the feasibility of automating the provisioning of a full Flexpod. For reference, this is considering a “vanilla” Flexpod build: Pair of Nexus 5ks Pair of Cisco UCS Fabric Interconnects (with a few chassis) Netapp running ONTAP 7-Mode (I tested on FAS6070) Note that this also makes a few assumptions about the build. FC via Nexus 5000, no MDS No existing vCenter integration or storage migration So - pretty much a green field Flexpod build, pretty close to the specs laid out in the design guide.

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Scripted Flexpod Provisioning – First Impressions

I had the opportunity this week to ascertain the feasibility of automating the provisioning of a full Flexpod. For reference, this is considering a “vanilla” Flexpod build: Pair of Nexus 5ks Pair of Cisco UCS Fabric Interconnects (with a few chassis) Netapp running ONTAP 7-Mode (I tested on FAS6070) Note that this also makes a few assumptions about the build. FC via Nexus 5000, no MDS No existing vCenter integration or storage migration So - pretty much a green field Flexpod build, pretty close to the specs laid out in the design guide.

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Netvisor and iTOR Unvieled

After a long wait, we finally unveiled stage 1 of the big solution – the Netvisor and our intelligent Top of the Rack (iTOR) switch. If you haven’t had a chance to see, you can read about it here. At this point, we have enough boxes on the way that we can open the beta to slightly larger audience. Some more details about the hardware – it has 48  10gigabit ethernet ports which can take a sfp+ optical module, sfp+ direct attach or a 1gigbit RJ45 module along with 4x40gigabit qsfp ports. The Network Hypervisor controlling one or more iTOR is a full fledged Operating System and  amongst other things capable of running your hardest applications. Comes with all tools like gcc/gdb/perl already there and you can load anything else that is not there. Why you may ask – if you always had an application that needed to be in the network, now it truly can be on the network. Imagining doing your physical or virtual load balancers, proxy servers, monitoring engines, IDS systems, SPAM filters, running on our network hypervisor where they are truly in the network without needing anything to plug in. Create you virtual networks along with Continue reading

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A BGP leak made in Canada

A BGP leak made in Canada

Today many network operators saw their BGP session flap, RTT’s increase and CPU usage on routers spike.  While looking at our BGP data we determined the root cause to be a large BGP leak in Canada that quickly affected networks worldwide.

Dery Telecom
Based on our analysis it seems that Canadian ISP Dery Telecom Inc (AS46618) is the cause of what we observed today. AS46618 is dual homed to both VIDEOTRON and Bell. What seems to have happened is that AS46618 leaked routes learned from VIDEOTRON to Bell. This in itself is not unique and happens relatively often. However normally transit ISP’s like Bell have strict filters applied on these BGP sessions, limiting the number of prefixes they accept from their customers. In this case the filter failed to work or simply wasn’t (correctly) applied by both Bell and Dery Telecom.

Sequence of events
At 17:27 UTC  AS46618 ( Dery Telecom Inc) started to leak a ‘full table’, or at least a significant chunk of it to its provider Bell AS577. Bell selected 107,409 of these routes as best routes. Even though many of the ASpaths were much longer than other alternatives it Continue reading

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The First Bufferbloat Battle Won

Bufferbloat was covered in a number of sessions at the Vancouver IETF last week.

The most important of these sessions is a great explanation of Kathie Nichols and Van Jacobson’s CoDel (“coddle”) algorithm given during Tuesday’s transport area meeting by Van.  It is not to be missed by serious network engineers. It also touches on why we like fq_codel so much, though I plan to write much more extensively on this topic very soon. CoDel by itself is great, but in combination with SFQ (like) algorithms that segregate flows, the results are stunning; CoDel is the first AQM algorithm which can work across arbitrary number of queues/flows.

The Saturday before the IETF the IAB / IRTF Workshop on Congestion Control for Interactive Real-Time Communication took place. My position paper was my blog entry of several weeks back. In short,  there is no single bullet, though with CoDel we finally have the final missing bullet for its complete solution. The other, equally important but non-technical bullets will be market pressure fix broken software/firmware/hardware all over the Internet: so exposing the bloat problem is vital. You cannot successfully engineer around bufferbloat, but you can detect it, and let users know when they Continue reading

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How does Openflow, SDN help Virtualization/Cloud (Part 3 of 3) – Why Nicira had to do a deal?

The challenges faced by Openflow and SDN

This is the 3rd and final article in this series. As promised, lets look at some of the challenges facing this space and how we are addressing those challenges.

Challenge 1 – Which is why Nicira had to get a big partner

I have seen a lot of article about Nicira being acquired. The question no one has asked is – if the space is so hot, why did Nicira sell so early? The deal size (1.26B) was hardly chump change but if I were them and my stock was rising exponentially, then I would have held off in lure of changing the world. So what was the rush? I believe the answer lies in some of the issues I discussed in article 2 of this series a few months back–the difference between server (Controller-based) and switch (Fabric-based) approaches. The Nicira solution was very dependent on the server and the server hypervisor. The world of server operating systems and hypervisor is so fragmented that staying independent would have been a very uphill battle. Tying up with one of the biggest hypervisors made sense to ensure that their technology keeps moving forward. And Continue reading

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The IPv6 DFZ just passed 10.000 prefixes

I noticed the IPv6 Default Free Zone just tipped over 10.000 prefixes. I think this is quite a milestone! Go IPv6!

The data was taken from the RING Looking Glass, which is part of the NLNOG RING project. The RING Looking Glass takes full BGP feeds from ± 20 organisations.

BTW, as an apples and peaches comparison: the IPv4 full routing table currently is roughly 415.000 prefixes. Live IPv4 and IPv6 graphs can be viewed here (RING) and here (Potaroo).

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Native VLAN – Some Surprising Results

I did some fiddling around with router-on-a-stick configurations recently and found some native VLAN behavior that took me by surprise.

Dead Simple Routers-On-A-Stick Configuration

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KICLet: Solarwinds’ Dirty Google Tricks

This is a (justifiable) rant. You’ve been warned. Solarwinds Orion NPM is an okay tool, but when it comes to managing anything other than Cisco switches and routers, it’s…..meh. It takes very little effort to get devices like that monitored to the fullest extent, but when it comes to something like a storage array, it seems like you really have to make tweaks until your fingers bleed to get the minimal monitoring functionality out of it.

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KICLet: Solarwinds’ Dirty Google Tricks

This is a (justifiable) rant. You’ve been warned. Solarwinds Orion NPM is an okay tool, but when it comes to managing anything other than Cisco switches and routers, it’s…..meh. It takes very little effort to get devices like that monitored to the fullest extent, but when it comes to something like a storage array, it seems like you really have to make tweaks until your fingers bleed to get the minimal monitoring functionality out of it.

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Doing Etherchannel Over 3, 5, 6, and 7 Link Bundles

As a follow-up to my previous article on Port Channels titled “4 Types of Port Channels and When They're Used” I wanted to talk a bit about the long-standing rule that says you should always create your Etherchannel (EC) bundles with a number of links that works out to a power of two (ie, 2,4 or 8 links). That rule is less applicable today than it used to be.

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New 10Gb/s Interconnect Options

Followers of this blog, or folks who've heard me on the Packet Pushers Podcast may have noticed that I obsessively look for less expensive ways to interconnect data center devices.

That's because the modules are so expensive! A loaded Nexus 7010 is intimidating enough with it's $473,000 list price, but that's without any optic modules...

If we want to link those interfaces to something with 10GBASE SR modules then triple the budget because the optics cost twice as much as the switch:

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4 Types of Port Channels and When They’re Used

The other day I was catching up on recorded content from Cisco Live! and I saw mention of yet another implementation of port channels (this time called Enhanced Virtual Port Channels). I thought it would make a good blog entry to describe the differences of each, where they are used, and what platforms each is supported on.

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Beware of IPv6 Transition Techniques as Endgame

By now, even the non-technical folks out there are aware of IPv4 address exhaustion (The IPocalype), thanks to the problem finally coming into the consciousness of the mainstream media. As organizations plan how to deal with this exhaustion, those who … Continue reading →

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Marathon Networks’ PVTD

I have seen many broken Private VLAN networks, and decided to find a way to fix them. So in the last year I have developed a network appliance called PVTD, which solves many of the Private VLAN problems. You can read all bout it at www.marathon-networks.com

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KIClet: Sub-Optimal Fibre Channel Path Selection

The SAN I’m currently working with connects a pair of Netapp FAS3270 filers running ONTAP 8.0.2 7-Mode. If you’re running VMware ESXi in your environment in front of a Fibre Channel SAN, path selection is discovered more or less in a first-come-first-served fashion. I got this message on my Netapp filer: FCP Partner Path Misconfigured: Host I/O access through a non-primary and non-optimal path was detected. Since the LUNs mounted by ESXi were residing on the A-side filer, the paths going through the B-side filer would just be sent over the partner link to the A-side, which is less efficient than going directly through A.