Helping civil society monitor attacks with the CyberPeaceTracer and Cloudflare Email Security
Civil society organizations have always been at the forefront of humanitarian relief efforts, as well as safeguarding civil and human rights. These organizations play a large role in delivering services during crises, whether it is fighting climate change, support during natural disasters, providing health services to marginalized communities and more.
What do many of these organizations have in common? Many times, it’s cyber attacks from adversaries looking to steal sensitive information or disrupt their operations. Cloudflare has seen this firsthand when providing free cybersecurity services to vulnerable groups through programs like Project Galileo, and found that in aggregate, organizations protected under the project experience an average of 95 million attacks per day. While cyber attacks are a problem across all industries in the digital age, civil society organizations are disproportionately targeted, many times due to their advocacy, and because attackers know that they typically operate with limited resources. In most cases, these organizations don’t even know they have been attacked until it is too late.
Over the last 10 years of Project Galileo, we’ve had the opportunity to work more closely with leading civil society organizations. This has led to a number of exciting new partnerships, Continue reading
Limit the Scope of Git Diff
The results of netlab integration tests are stored in YAML files, making it easy to track changes improvements with Git. However, once I added the time of test and netlab version to the test results, I could no longer use git diff to figure out which test results changed after a test run – everything changed.
For example, these are partial test results from the OSPFv2 tests:
Large Language Model (LLM) – Part 2/2: Transformer Architecture
Introduction
Sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) language translation and Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) models are subcategories of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that utilize the Transformer architecture. Seq2seq models are typically using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks or encoder-decored based Transformers. In contrast, GPT is an autoregressive language model that uses decoder-only Transformer mechanism. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the decoder-only Transformer architecture.
The Transformer consists of stacks of decoder modules. A word embedding vector, a result of the word tokenization and embbeding, is fed as input to the first decoder module. After processing, the resulting context vector is passed to the next decodeer, and so on. After the final decoder, a softmax layer evaluates the output against the complete vocabulary to predict the next word. As an autoregressive model, the predicted word vector from the softmax layer is converted into a token before being fed back into the subsequent decoder layer. This process involves a token-to-word vector transformation prior to re-entering the decoder.
Each decoder module consists of an attention layer, Add & Normalization layer and a feedforward neural network (FFNN). Rather than feeding the embedded word vector (i.e., token embedding plus positional encoding) directly Continue reading
HN768: Ctrl+Alt+Delivered App Routing Reinvented with Palo Alto Networks SD-WAN (Sponsored)
Connecting your branch to your wide area network used to be simple enough. Call your carrier, get a circuit ordered, wait a long time, then turn it up. A little routing, and there you were. Cloud blew that model apart. Now when we connect branches to our corporate networks, we have to consider not only... Read more »TNO016: One Integrated Experience for NetOps, SecOps, and Business Teams (Sponsored)
Collaboration among tech and business teams is crucial to advancing your business. Extreme Networks is introducing Extreme Platform ONE to support this collaboration. In this sponsored episode, we talk about how this product is designed to streamline workflows and enhance user experience through automation and AI integration. Extreme Networks Platform ONE is a centralized platform... Read more »Hedge 259: Architecture and Process
We often try to “institutionalize” things that work into repeatable processes—and most of the time, it doesn’t work. The process ends up becoming unwieldy, eventually failing to prevent failures and stifling innovation. How can we get out of this rut? Differentiating between architecture and process. Far too many IT shops try to replace architecture with process. Our second topic for this episode is the destructive lies of the tool trope. Tools are not “neutral,” they impact the way we think and work. A primary example of a tool that can often reshape our thinking and doing in very negative ways is … the process.
Searching for the cause of hung tasks in the Linux kernel
Depending on your configuration, the Linux kernel can produce a hung task warning message in its log. Searching the Internet and the kernel documentation, you can find a brief explanation that the kernel process is stuck in the uninterruptable state and hasn’t been scheduled on the CPU for an unexpectedly long period of time. That explains the warning’s meaning, but doesn’t provide the reason it occurred. In this blog post we’re going to explore how the hung task warning works, why it happens, whether it is a bug in the Linux kernel or application itself, and whether it is worth monitoring at all.
The hung task message in the kernel log looks like this:
INFO: task XXX:1495882 blocked for more than YYY seconds.
Tainted: G O 6.6.39-cloudflare-2024.7.3 #1
"echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message.
task:XXX state:D stack:0 pid:1495882 ppid:1 flags:0x00004002
. . .Processes in Linux can be in different states. Some of them are running or ready to run on the CPU — they are in the TASK_RUNNING state. Others are waiting for some signal or event to happen, e.g. network packets to arrive or terminal input Continue reading
Pike is wrong on bloat
This is my response to Rob Pike’s words On Bloat.
I’m not surprised to see this from Pike. He’s a NIH extremist. And yes, in this aspect he’s my spirit animal when coding for fun. I’ll avoid using a framework or a dependency because it’s not the way that I would have done it, and it doesn’t do it quite right… for me.
And he correctly recognizes the technical debt that an added dependency involves.
But I would say that he has two big blind spots.
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He doesn’t recognize that not using the available dependency is also adding huge technical debt. Every line of code you write is code that you have to maintain, forever.
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The option for most software isn’t “use the dependency” vs “implement it yourself”. It’s “use the dependency” vs “don’t do it at all”. If the latter means adding 10 human years to the product, then most of the time the trade-off makes it not worth doing at all.
He shows a dependency graph of Kubernetes. Great. So are you going to write your own Kubernetes now?
Pike is a good enough coder that he can write his own editor (wikipedia: “Pike has written many text Continue reading
N4N013: Spanning Tree Part 1 – An Introduction and Broadcast Storms
Spanning tree is a topic so mysterious and complicated that common advice is just to disable it. In today’s episode, we start a mini-series on spanning tree, hoping to better explain what it is and what it does. We begin with basic spanning tree terminology and its role in preventing loops in an Ethernet network.... Read more »Automatic Audit Logs: new updates deliver increased transparency and accountability
Audit logs are a critical tool for tracking and recording changes, actions, and resource access patterns within your Cloudflare environment. They provide visibility into who performed an action, what the action was, when it occurred, where it happened, and how it was executed. This enables security teams to identify vulnerabilities, ensure regulatory compliance, and assist in troubleshooting operational issues. Audit logs provide critical transparency and accountability. That's why we're making them "automatic" — eliminating the need for individual Cloudflare product teams to manually send events. Instead, audit logs are generated automatically in a standardized format when an action is performed, providing complete visibility and ensuring comprehensive coverage across all our products.
We're excited to announce the beta release of Automatic Audit Logs — a system that unifies audit logging across Cloudflare products. This new system is designed to give you a complete and consistent view of your environment’s activity. Here’s how we’ve enhanced our audit logging capabilities:
Standardized logging: Previously, audit logs generation was dependent on separate internal teams, which could lead to gaps and inconsistencies. Now, audit logs are automatically produced in a seamless and standardized way, eliminating Continue reading
Projects to Work On – the AI Recommendations
Vini Motta decided to use AI on ipSpace.net content to find what it would recommend as the projects to work on in order to become employable in 2025. Here are the results he sent me; my comments are inline on a gray background.
- Network Automation with Python
- Project: Automate basic network tasks like device configuration, backup, or monitoring using Python scripts.
NAN085: Embrace Change to Thrive in the Tech Industry
Embracing change is sometimes easier said than done. Today we talk with Monika Machado, who has held significant roles at companies like Microsoft and Oracle. She shares her story of learning and personal growth. Monika highlights the value of mentor-mentee relationships, continuous learning, understanding the difference between leadership and management, and the value of owning... Read more »Point-to-Point Links in Virtual Labs
In the previous blog post, I described the usual mechanisms used to connect virtual machines or containers in a virtual lab, and the drawbacks of using Linux bridges to connect virtual network devices.
In this blog post, we’ll see how KVM/QEMU/libvirt/Vagrant use UDP tunnels to connect virtual machines, and how containerlab creates point-to-point vEth links between Linux containers.
PP049: CSMM – A Practical Model for Improving Your Cloud Security
The Cloud Security Maturity Model (CSMM) is a practical blueprint for improving the security of your public cloud deployments. Developed in partnership with the Cloud Security Alliance, IANS, and Securosis, the model covers 12 categories, such as network security and application security, across 3 domains. It describes 5 levels of security maturity, and includes process... Read more »HS094: How Risky Is Your Organization’s AI Strategy?
AI Large Language Models (LLMs) can be used to generate output that the creators and users of those models didn’t intend; for example, harassment, instructions on how to make a bomb, or facilitating cybercrime. Researchers have created the HarmBench framework to measure how easily an AI can be weaponized. Recently these researchers trumpeted the finding... Read more »
Offline celebrations: how Christmas, NYE, and Lunar New Year festivities shape online behavior
Now that 2025 has been here for a few weeks and 2024 has closed with a variety of year-end traditions — from Christmas and Hanukkah celebrations to New Year’s Eve (NYE) countdowns, as well as celebrations of Orthodox Christmas, and Lunar/Chinese New Year — let’s examine how these events have shaped online behavior across continents and cultures. Reflecting on Christmas and NYE 2024 provides insights into how these trends compared with those of the previous year, as detailed in an earlier blog.
One notable finding is the remarkable consistency in human online patterns from one year to the next, a trend that persists despite cultural differences among countries. Data from over 50 countries reveal how people celebrated in 2024–2025, offering a timely reminder of typical holiday trends. While Christmas remains a dominant influence in many regions, other cultural and religious events — such as Hanukkah and local festivities — also shape online habits where Western traditions hold less sway.
In regions where Christmas is deeply rooted, Internet traffic dips significantly during Christmas Eve dinners, midnight masses, morning gift exchanges, and Christmas Day lunches, a pattern evident in both our previous and current analyses.
This analysis focuses exclusively on non-bot Internet Continue reading
Why use an SDN controller for RSVP-TE
Despite many advantages of Segment Routing, some networks still prefer to use RSVP for traffic engineering – and they can have good reasons for this. Is there any value of SDN controller with RSVP-TE, compared to configuring policies on each …
Tagged VLAN 1 In a Trunk Is a Really Bad Idea
It all started with a netlab issue describing different interpretations of VLAN 1 in a trunk. While Cumulus NVUE (the way the netlab configuration template configures it) assumes that the VLAN 1 in a trunk is tagged, Arista EOS assumes it’s the native VLAN.
At that point, I should have said, “that’s crazy, we shouldn’t allow that” and enforce the “VLAN 1 has to be used as a native VLAN” rule. Alas, 20/20 hindsight never helped anyone.
TL&DR: Do not use VLAN 1 in VLAN trunks; if you have to, use it as a native VLAN.