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CCNA – Operation Of IP Data Networks 1.5

We move on to the next topic which is

1.5 Predict the data flow between two hosts across a network

This is a very important topic for the CCNA. It may feel a bit overwhelming at first to grasp all the steps of the data flow but as a CCNA you need to learn how this process works. We will start out with an example where two hosts are on the same LAN and then we will look at an example which involves routing as well.

The first topology has two hosts H1 and H2 with IP adresses 10.0.0.10 and 10.0.0.20 respectively.

CCNA Basic LAN 1
CCNA Basic LAN 1

Host 1 and Host 2 are both connected to Switch 1 and has not communicated previously. H1 has the MAC adress 0000.0000.0001 and H2 has the MAC address 0000.0000.0002. H1 wants to send data to H2, which steps are involved?

1. H1 knows the destination IP of H2 (10.0.0.20) and runs AND to determine that they are on the same subnet.
2. H1 checkts its ARP cache which is empty for 10.0.0.20.
3. H1 generates ARP message Continue reading

Joomla releases patch for serious SQLi flaw

Joomla, a popular content management system, released patches on Thursday for a vulnerability that can allow an attacker to get full administrative access to a website.Joomla versions 3.2 through 3.4.4 are vulnerable, and the latest version is 3.4.5.The SQL injection flaw was found by Asaf Orphani, a researcher with Trustwave's SpiderLabs, and Netanel Rubin of PerimeterX.SQL injection flaws occur when a backend database executes a malicious query when it shouldn't. The type of vulnerability is one of the most prevalent ones within web applications.To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

MacKeeper buyers ask for refunds in droves following lawsuit

Tens of thousands of people who bought MacKeeper have filed for refunds as part of a proposed class-action settlement against the application's former developer.The number of refund requests has far exceeded what is typical in these type of lawsuits, surprising even experienced class-action lawyers.But the unfortunate side effect of the robust response means those who've applied will probably get a smaller refund.The class-action suit was filed in May 2014 on behalf of Pennsylvania resident Holly Yencha, who contended that MacKeeper falsely flagged security and performance problems in order to coax consumers into paying US$39.95 for the full version.To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

When it comes to spam, IBM’s SoftLayer is the host with the most

IBM may be the fastest-growing vendor in the worldwide security software market, but it's also the owner of the world's largest source of spam.That's according to a Wednesday report by security expert Brian Krebs, who called out the company's SoftLayer subsidiary for being "the Internet’s most spam-friendly" service provider.SoftLayer currently holds the top position on antispam nonprofit Spamhaus.org's list of the world’s worst spam support ISPs, which it defines as the ISPs with the worst abuse departments and "consequently the worst reputations for knowingly hosting spam operations."To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

Chase’s tweet backing PIN credit cards was a mistake, bank says

JP Morgan Chase Bank tweeted in error that its chip credit cards would be getting PIN security, a bank spokesman confirmed Thursday.The tweet, posted mid-day on Wednesday by @ChaseSupport, said: "Your security is our priority! We're planning to add Chip and PIN to our credit cards in the near future.""That tweet was sent in error yesterday," said JP Morgan Chase Bank spokesman Paul Hartwick in an email to Computerworld. "At this time we do not have current plans to offer chip-and-PIN credit cards."MORE ON NETWORK WORLD: 6 simple tricks for protecting your passwords The bank, one of the nation's largest card issuers, has already distributed 64 million of the newer, more secure chip cards, he said. Of those, 51 million are credit cards and 13 million are debit cards. The vast majority are on Visa's network and some are on MasterCard's.To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

Tech support scammers put Mac owners in crosshairs

Technical support scammers have begun targeting Mac owners, a security researcher said today, adding them to much larger pool of potential victims running Windows because Apple's operating system has been relatively untouched by malware."These scams aren't being done with cold calls, but by aggressive malvertising," said Jerome Segura, a senior security researcher with San Jose, Calif.-based Malwarebytes. In some cases, Segura said, legitimate online ad networks are being abused by criminals.Mac owners who browse to what Segura called "lower-quality websites" may encounter attack code or scripts that hijack the browser to display scary, but bogus, warnings that their machine is at risk, then offer a telephone number to call for technical assistance.To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

Are wearables worth the cybersecurity risk in the enterprise?

The Internet of Things and wearable technology are becoming more integrated into our everyday lives. If you haven't already, now is the time to begin planning for their security implications in the enterprise. According to research firm IHS Technology, more than 200 million wearables will be in use by 2018. That's 200 million more chances of a security issue within your organization. If that number doesn't startle you, Gartner further predicts that 30% of these devices will be invisible to the eye. Devices like smart contact lenses and smart jewelry will be making their way into your workplace. Will you be ready to keep them secure even if you can't see them?To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

HP just dropped out of the public cloud – now what?

While HP’s announcement that it will shutter its Helion Public Cloud early next year didn’t surprise those who watch the market closely, the move does raise questions about what’s next for HP and other cloud vendors.HP plans to focus on two major areas: Bringing efficiencies to customers’ on-premises environments, and arming its partners with HP hardware and software to build out hosted clouds.Analysts say HP is the latest example of a legacy IT vendor that has had to adjust its cloud ambitions in light of how dominant Infrastructure-as-a-Service players Amazon Web Services and Microsoft have become. The consolation prize is that there’s still plenty of opportunity left in the private, managed and hybrid cloud markets.To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

Pressure grows to eradicate vile tech support scam

Despite aggressive law enforcement and Federal Trade Commission actions to battle it, the scourge known as the “Tech Support Scam” is growing – with older individuals a rising target.The tech support scam basically involves tricking people into believing their computer has problems, and then charging them hundreds of dollars for unnecessary, worthless, and in some cases destructive applications such as malware, spyware, adware, keystroke loggers, and other harmful applications.+More on Network World: What’s hot in driverless cars?+To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

7 big threats to innovation and how to overcome them

Innovation is the cornerstone of a successful business, so why is it so elusive to many companies? To determine the biggest roadblocks, consulting firm Imaginatik conducted a study of 200 professionals in its "State of Global Innovation" report. 35 percent of those surveyed were senior management, board members or C-Suite executives, and 76 percent of respondent's organizations had 1,000 employees or more. The results offer insight into what makes innovation stall at large companies.There's little doubt that business leaders see the value of innovation -- 95 percent of respondents say it's important enough to be a priority for C-level executives. However, while nearly every professional agreed that innovation was key, 44 percent reported that their business invested less than 2 percent of its annual operating budgets in innovation and 63 percent said their company didn't have a formal innovation-management structure in place.To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

On the hunt for merger or acquisition? Make sure your target is secure

Security experts regularly exhort organizations to improve their security not just internally but externally as well, in their business relationships with third parties.In many cases, it is more than an exhortation – it’s a mandate. Last year’s updated standards for the payment card industry (PCI) made a point of addressing third-party risks.But some evidence suggests an area of third-party relationships where security still lags is mergers and acquisitions (M&A).In a survey of, “214 global deal-makers from corporates, financial institutions, investors and legal services providers,” the London-based law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer found that while there is plenty of awareness (74 percent of acquirers and 60 percent of sellers) about the effect that cyber security risks can have on a pending deal, a large majority of respondents – 78 percent – “believe cyber security is not analyzed in great depth or specifically quantified as part of the M&A due diligence process.”To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

Attackers hijack CCTV cameras and network-attached storage devices to launch DDoS attacks

We've reached a point that security researchers have long warned is coming: insecure embedded devices connected to the Internet are routinely being hacked and used in attacks.The latest example is a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack detected recently by security firm Imperva. It was a traditional HTTP flood aimed at overloading a resource on a cloud service, but the malicious requests came from surveillance cameras protecting businesses around the world instead of a typical computer botnet.The attack peaked at 20,000 requests per second and originated from around 900 closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras running embedded versions of Linux and the BusyBox toolkit, researchers from Imperva's Incapsula team said in a blog post Wednesday.To read this article in full or to leave a comment, please click here

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