Testing Network Automation Data Transformation

Every complex enough network automation solution has to introduce a high-level (user-manageable) data model that is eventually transformed into a low-level (device) data model.

The transformation code (business logic) is one of the most complex pieces of a network automation solution, and there’s only one way to ensure it works properly: you test the heck out of it ;) Let me show you how we solved that challenge in netlab.

Unlocking Ansible: Accessing host_vars and group_vars in a Python Scripts

Welcome to the world of Ansible magic! In this blog post, we're going to uncover the secrets of accessing host_vars and group_vars directly from Python scripts. These variables hold the keys to customizing your automation scripts, empowering you to unlock new levels of flexibility and efficiency in your infrastructure management.

Let’s dive in!

To do this, we’ll use the Ansible API. The Ansible API is a powerful tool that allows you to interact with Ansible programmatically. The documentation for the Ansible API can be found here.

Ansible Project Structure

My ansible project folder structure looks like this

.
├── ansible.cfg
├── ansible_pyapi.py
├── group_vars
│   ├── all.yaml
│   └── host1_2.yaml
├── host_vars
│   ├── host1.yml
│   ├── host2.yml
│   └── host3.yml
└── inventory.ini

Inventory File

My inventory file looks like this:

host1
host2
host3

[host1_2]
host1
host2

[all:vars]
username= "username"
password= "password"

Host Vars and Group Vars

Contents of host_vars and group_vars files are as follows:

host_vars_location: from host_vars/host1.yml

host_vars_location: from host_vars/host2.yml

host_vars_location: from host_vars/host3.yml

all_group_vars: from group_vars/all.yaml

group_vars_location: from group_vars/host1_2.yaml

Accessing Ansible Variables Continue reading

Weekend Reads 051724

The FCC lawfully fined U.S. facilities-based wireless carriers nearly $200 million for selling highly intrusive location data about subscribers without their “opt-in” consent.

Geoff Huston explores the performance of the BBR and Cubic flow control algorithms on the Starlink network through comprehensive measurements.

An instruction set is a lingua franca between compilers and microarchitecture. As such, it has a lot in common with compiler intermediate languages, a subject on which Fred Chow has written an excellent overview

A new malware called Cuttlefish is targeting small office and home office (SOHO) routers with the goal of stealthily monitoring all traffic through the devices and gather authentication data from HTTP GET and POST requests.

But one need not know anything about aeronautics to understand that things are not going well for Boeing, and that the company’s approach is clearly broken. That much was made clear in a new Ars Technica piece from Eric Berger, walking readers through the race between Boeing and SpaceX to develop an astronaut capsule for space travel.

“Legal basis” requirements for data processing, justifying data processing activities and transfers, and adhering to data minimization principles began hitting organizations’ radars with the EU General Data Protection Regulation.

Given Continue reading

Quantile Regression

Quantile Regression

The Median Isn’t the Message - Stephen Jay Gould

When we think of regression, the most common one, which we all know, is linear regression. It is a fairly popular and simple technique for estimating the mean of some variable conditional on the values of independent variables.

Now imagine if you are a grocery delivery or ride-hailing service and want to show the customer the estimated delivery or wait times. If the distance is smaller, there will be less variability in the waiting time, but if the distance is longer, many things can go wrong, and due to that there can be a lot of variability in the estimate time. If we have to create a model to predict that, we may not want to apply linear regression as that will only tell us the average time.

It’s important to note that one of the key assumptions for applying linear regression is a constant variance (Homoskedasticity). However, many times this is often not the case. The variability is not constant (Heteroscedastic), which violates the linear regression assumption (Linear Regression Notes).

Motivation

Let’s look at a running data for the distance vs. the time it takes to finish. We clearly know Continue reading

Technology Short Take 177

Welcome to Technology Short Take #177! Wow, is it the middle of May already? The year seems to be flying by—much in the same way that all these technical articles keep flying by my Inbox, occasionally getting caught and included here! In this Technology Short Take, I have links on things ranging from physical network designs to running retro operating systems as virtual machines. Surely there will be something useful in here for you!

Networking

• Blogger Evert has a two part series (here and here) on managing NSX ALBs with Terraform.
• Ivan launches a series of blog posts exploring routing protocol designs that can be used to implement EVPN-with-VXLAN L2VPNs in a leaf-and-spine fabric. The first one is here. What’s really cool is that Ivan also includes a netlab topology readers can use to create a lab and see how it works.
• Eduard Tolosa discusses binding wireless network adapters to systemd-nspawn containers.
• Ioannis Theodoridis has a three-part series on how he and his team used tools like Nautobot, Nornir, and Python to help with some extensive network migrations. Check out the series (part 1, part 2, and part 3); I think you’ll find some Continue reading

What is new in Calico 3.28

TL/DR

• A new Grafana dashboard that helps you monitor Calico Typha’s performance and troubleshoot issues.
• Calico eBPF dataplane IPv6 is now GA. It supports true IPv6-only clusters as well as dual-stack clusters.
• Optional Pod startup delay to ensure networking is up in high-churn scenarios.
• Tigera operator now supports multiple IP pools, IP pool modification, affinity for operator pods, priorityclassname, and more!
• Improved policy performance in both eBPF and iptables.
• Calico now ships with a pprof server. Activate the performance server for real-time views of Typha and Felix components and real-time debugging.

Important changes

Calico 3.28 now has enabled VXLAN checksum offload by default for environments with the kernel version of 5.8 or above. In the past, offloading was disabled due to kernel bugs.

Please keep in mind, if you are upgrading to 3.28 this change will take effect after node restarts.

If you encounter unexpected performance issues, you can use the following command to revert to the previous method by using the following command:

kubectl patch felixconfiguration default --type="merge" -p='{"spec":{"FeatureDetectOverride":"ChecksumOffloadBroken=true"}'

Please keep in mind that you can report any issues via GitHub tickets or Slack and include a detailed description of the environment (NIC hardware, kernel, distro, Continue reading

Network Observability in K8s Clusters for Better Troubleshooting

For DevOps and platform teams working with containers and Kubernetes, reducing downtime and improving security posture is crucial. A clear understanding of network topology, service interactions and workload dependencies is required in cloud native applications. This is essential for securing and optimizing your Kubernetes deployment and minimizing response time in the event of failure. Network observability can highlight gaps in network policies for applications that require network policy controls, thus reducing the risk of attack from unsecured egress access or lateral movement of threats within the Kubernetes cluster. However, visualizing workload communication, service dependencies, and active and inactive network security policies presents significant challenges due to the distributed and dynamic nature of

Hedge 226: Making Networking Cool Again

Alexis Bertholf joins Tom Ammon and Russ White to discuss how we can make network engineering cool again—and to talk about how we got into network engineering.

download

HN734: Russ White Hour Part 2: Snowflakes and Network Automation

Case Study: IPng’s mail servers

Intro

I have seen companies achieve great successes in the space of consumer internet and entertainment industry. I’ve been feeling less enthusiastic about the stronghold that these corporations have over my digital presence. I am the first to admit that using “free” services is convenient, but these companies are sometimes taking away my autonomy and exerting control over society. To each their own of course, but for the last few years, I’ve been more and more inclined to take back a little bit of responsibility for my online social presence, away from centrally hosted services and to privately operated ones.

First off - I love Google’s Workspace products. I started using GMail just after it launched, back in 2004. Its user interface is sleek, performant, and very intuitive. Its filtering, granted, could be a bit less … robotic, but that’s made up by labels and an incredibly comprehensive search function. I would dare say that between GMail and Photos, those are my absolute favorite products on the internet.

That said, I have been running e-mail servers since well before Google existed as a company. I started off at M.C.G.V. Stack, the computer club of the University of Continue reading

Public Videos: Kubernetes Service Mesh

All the Kubernetes Service Mesh videos from the Kubernetes Networking Deep Dive webinar with Stuart Charlton are now public. Enjoy!

A Transport Protocol’s View of Starlink

IPB151: What Changed Alexandra Huides’ Mind about IPv6

Amazon EKS networking options

When setting up a Kubernetes environment with Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS), it is crucial to understand your available networking options. EKS offers a range of networking choices that allow you to build a highly available and scalable cloud environment for your workloads.

In this blog post, we will explore the networking and policy enforcement options provided by AWS for Amazon EKS. By the end, you will have a clear understanding of the different networking options and network policy enforcement engines, and other features that can help you create a functional and secure platform for your Kubernetes workloads and services.

Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS)

Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) is a managed Kubernetes service that simplifies routine operations, such as cluster deployment and maintenance, by automating tasks such as patching and updating operating systems and their underlying components. EKS enhances scalability through AWS Auto Scaling groups and other AWS service integrations and offers a highly available control plane to manage your cluster.

Amazon EKS in the cloud has two options:

• Managed
• Self-managed

Managed clusters rely on the AWS control plane node, which AWS hosts and controls separately from your cluster. This node operates in isolation and cannot be directly Continue reading

Cisco Starts To See Signs Of Datacenter Spending Recovery

If you look at the financial results for Cisco Systems over more than a decade, it is hard to tell one year from the other. …

Cisco Starts To See Signs Of Datacenter Spending Recovery was written by Timothy Prickett Morgan at The Next Platform.

Must Read: OSPF Protocol Analysis (RFC 1245)

Daniel Dib found the ancient OSPF Protocol Analysis (RFC 1245) that includes the Router CPU section. Please keep in mind the RFC was published in 1991 (35 years ago):

Steve Deering presented results for the Dijkstra calculation in the “MOSPF meeting report” in [3]. Steve’s calculation was done on a DEC 5000 (10 mips processor), using the Stanford internet as a model. His graphs are based on numbers of networks, not number of routers. However, if we extrapolate that the ratio of routers to networks remains the same, the time to run Dijkstra for 200 routers in Steve’s implementation was around 15 milliseconds.

Must Read: OSPF Protocol Analysis (RFC 1245)

Daniel Dib found the ancient OSPF Protocol Analysis (RFC 1245) that includes the Router CPU section. Please keep in mind the RFC was published in 1991 (35 years ago):

Steve Deering presented results for the Dijkstra calculation in the “MOSPF meeting report” in [3]. Steve’s calculation was done on a DEC 5000 (10 mips processor), using the Stanford internet as a model. His graphs are based on numbers of networks, not number of routers. However, if we extrapolate that the ratio of routers to networks remains the same, the time to run Dijkstra for 200 routers in Steve’s implementation was around 15 milliseconds.

Top500 Supers: Nvidia Utterly Dominates Those Shiny New Machines

If you stare at something for a little bit of time and let your mind wander, you can think of a new way to analyze something that you have looked at a bunch of times. …

Top500 Supers: Nvidia Utterly Dominates Those Shiny New Machines was written by Timothy Prickett Morgan at The Next Platform.

Rule 11 Academy is (Somewhat) Live

The Academy does not replace this blog, the Hedge, etc. Instead, it’s a place for me to recreate all the training materials I’ve taught in the past, put them in one place, and adding new training material besides. It’s light right now, but I plan to post about once or twice a week.

Note this is a subscription site with paid content and two memberships–six months and yearly.

Get six months free using the coupon code BEAG2DRUP0TORNSKUT.

https://rule11.ac/