Global elections in 2024: Internet traffic and cyber threat trends

Elections define the course of democracies (even as there are several types of democracies), and 2024 was a landmark year, with over 60 countries — plus the European Union — holding national elections, impacting half the world’s population. As highlighted in Pew Research’s global elections report, this was a year of “political disruption,” where the Internet was a relevant stage for both democratic engagement and cyber threats.

At Cloudflare, with our presence in over 330 cities and 120 countries and interconnection with 12,500 networks, we’ve witnessed firsthand the digital impact of these elections. From monitoring Internet traffic patterns to mitigating cyberattacks, we’ve observed trends that reveal how elections increasingly play out online. As detailed in our just-published Cloudflare Impact report, we’ve also worked to protect media outlets, political campaigns, and help elections worldwide.

Here’s the map of countries with national elections that took place in 2024, from our elections report.

We’ve been monitoring 2024 elections worldwide on our blog and in the 2024 Election Insights report available on Cloudflare Radar.

In terms of Internet patterns, we’ve observed how cyber activity in 2024 continues to intersect with real-world events. Online attacks are clearly a significant part of elections, Continue reading

Running Cisco CML in Proxmox

Running Cisco CML in Proxmox

For the past few years, I’ve been running all my virtual machines on VMware Workstation Pro, installed on Windows 11. While it worked well for the most part, there were a few recurring issues. Windows would occasionally reboot to install updates, and when it did, my VMs would go down with it. This dependency on Windows to keep my VMs running became frustrating. Recently, I switched to Proxmox, a type-1 hypervisor, and the difference has been night and day.

In this blog post, we'll go through how to install Cisco CML (specifically CML 2.8 Free Tier) on Proxmox. If you're looking to install Cisco CML on VMware Workstation, check out my other blog post linked below.

Cisco CML Free Tier (No Kidding)
My initial reaction was, ‘Cisco giving something away for free? That can’t be true!’ But it turns out, it is. I couldn’t wait to try it. I believe it’s limited to five nodes, but I’ll take it.
Running Cisco CML in ProxmoxPacketswitchSuresh Vina
Running Cisco CML in Proxmox

Download the Cisco CML Image

Head over to the Cisco download page and select CML (2.8 Free Tier). You need a Cisco account, which is easy to create. Once you create the account and log Continue reading

HN762: A Network Automation Roadmap

Once you get past a handful of Python scripts, network automation can be…daunting. If you want to make network automation process-driven, repeatable, reliable, and something that doesn’t just rely on your scripts and the knowledge inside your head, there’s an entire landscape that opens up before you. Have you thought about network discovery? How about... Read more »

Hi Claude, build an MCP server on Cloudflare Workers

In late November 2024, Anthropic announced a new way to interact with AI, called Model Context Protocol (MCP). Today, we’re excited to show you how to use MCP in combination with Cloudflare to extend the capabilities of Claude to build applications, generate images and more. You’ll learn how to build an MCP server on Cloudflare to make any service accessible through an AI assistant like Claude with just a few lines of code using Cloudflare Workers. 

A quick primer on the Model Context Protocol (MCP)

MCP is an open standard that provides a universal way for LLMs to interact with services and applications. As the introduction on the MCP website puts it,

“Think of MCP like a USB-C port for AI applications. Just as USB-C provides a standardized way to connect your devices to various peripherals and accessories, MCP provides a standardized way to connect AI models to different data sources and tools.” 

From an architectural perspective, MCP is comprised of several components:

  • MCP hosts: Programs or tools (like Claude) where AI models operate and interact with different services

  • MCP clients: Client within an AI assistant that initiates requests and communicates with MCP servers to Continue reading

Bring multimodal real-time interaction to your AI applications with Cloudflare Calls

OpenAI announced support for WebRTC in their Realtime API on December 17, 2024. Combining their Realtime API with Cloudflare Calls allows you to build experiences that weren’t possible just a few days earlier.

Previously, interactions with audio and video AIs were largely single-player: only one person could be interacting with the AI unless you were in the same physical room. Now, applications built using Cloudflare Calls and OpenAI’s Realtime API can now support multiple users across the globe simultaneously seeing and interacting with a voice or video AI.

Have your AI join your video calls 

Here’s what this means in practice: you can now invite ChatGPT to your next video meeting:

We built this into our Orange Meets demo app to serve as an inspiration for what is possible, but the opportunities are much broader.

In the not-too-distant future, every company could have a  'corporate AI' they invite to their internal meetings that is secure, private and has access to their company data. Imagine this sort of real-time audio and video interactions with your company’s AI:

"Hey ChatGPT, do we have any open Jira tickets about this?"

"Hey Company AI, who are the competitors in the space doing Continue reading

Using Multiple AWS Regions with Pulumi and S3 Backend

For a while now, I’ve been using Direnv to manage environment variables when I enter or leave certain directories. Since I have to work with more than one AWS account, one of the use cases for me has been populating AWS-specific environment variables, like AWS_REGION or AWS_PROFILE. This generally works really well for me, but recently I ran into a bit of a corner case involving multiple AWS regions, Pulumi, and using S3 as the Pulumi backend. In this post, I’ll share the workaround that allows this configuration to work as expected.

I describe this as a “bit of a corner case” because it only affects specific configurations (which included my configuration):

  • You must be setting the AWS_REGION environment variable and not setting the aws:region configuration value used by the Pulumi AWS provider.
  • You must be using S3 as the backend for Pulumi, and using an S3 URL of s3://bucket-name.
  • You want to deploy resources into an AWS region that is different than the AWS region where the backend state bucket resides.

In my specific situation, my backend state bucket resides in the AWS us-west-2 (Oregon) region, as this offers the lowest latencies from my home office in Colorado. Continue reading

From Python to Go 008. Object Oriented Programming Or Build Your Own Network Switch.

Hello my friend,

So far we have covered almost all possible data types in Python and Go (Golang), at least the ones we are going to use ourselves for network automation. One of these data types, which we have introduced in the previous blog post, that is object/class or struct, has without overestimations enormous importance as it opens for us doors into object oriented programming. As doors are opened, let’s enter them.

Festive Time Is Here… Make Sure You Make Most Of It.

Meaning, apart of spending time your family and friends, cooking, eating and dancing, you also study network automation with our trainings!

We offer the following training programs in network automation for you:

During these trainings you will learn the following topics:

  • Success and failure strategies to build the automation tools.
  • Principles of software developments and the most useful and convenient tools.
  • Data encoding (free-text, XML, JSON, YAML, Protobuf).
  • Model-driven network automation with YANG, NETCONF, RESTCONF, GNMI.
  • Full configuration templating with Jinja2 based on the source of truth (NetBox).
  • Best programming languages (Python, Continue reading

The role of email security in reducing user risk amid rising threats

Phishing remains one of the most dangerous and persistent cyber threats for individuals and organizations. Modern attacks use a growing arsenal of deceptive techniques that bypass traditional secure email gateways (SEGs) and email authentication measures, targeting organizations, employees, and vendors. From business email compromise (BEC) to QR phishing and account takeovers, these threats are designed to exploit weaknesses across multiple communication channels, including email, Slack, Teams, SMS, and cloud drives.

Phishing remains the most popular attack vector for bad actors looking to gain unauthorized access or extract fraudulent payment, and it is estimated that 90% of all attacks start with a phishing email. However, as companies have shifted to using a multitude of apps to support communication and collaboration, attackers too have evolved their approach. Attackers now engage employees across a combination of channels in an attempt to build trust and pivot targeted users to less-secure apps and devices. Cloudflare is uniquely positioned to address this trend thanks to our integrated Zero Trust services, extensive visibility from protecting approximately 20% of all websites, and signals derived from processing billions of email messages a year.

Cloudflare recognizes that combating phishing requires an integrated approach and a more complete view Continue reading

DSNS Nameservers

It's common folklore in the Domain Name System that a delegated domain name must be served by 2 or more nameservers. This guidance raises a couple of questions. Firstly, when presented with a list of nameservers for a domain how do recursive resolvers respond? Do they send queries to all of the nameservers at once? Or do they serialise their actions in looking for a responsive nameserver? Secondly, if these queries are serialised, then how can a domain administrator organise the zone’s nameservers to maximise both DNS resolution performance and service resilience?
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