Podcast: The Rise of NAT

When Ned Bellavance asked me to be a guest on the Chaos Lever podcast talking about NAT, I replied, “and why do you hate me so much?”

However, it turned out one can have a fun conversation about a controversial topic. For more details, listen to The Rise of NAT on Chaos Lever. I hope you’ll enjoy it ;)

Training Neural Networks: Backpropagation Algorithm

 Introduction 

The previous chapter explained the operation of a single artificial neuron. It covered how input values are multiplied by their respective weight parameters, summed together, and combined with a bias term. The resulting value, z, is then passed through a non-linear sigmoid function, which squeezed a neuron’s output value y ̂ between 0 and 1.

In this chapter, we form the smallest possible Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) model using only two neurons. While this is far from a Deep Neural Network (DNN), a simple NN with two neurons is sufficient to explain the Backpropagation algorithm, which is the focus of this chapter.

The goal is to demonstrate the training process and illustrate how the Forward Pass (computation phase) first generates a model output, y ̂. The algorithm then evaluates the model’s accuracy by computing the error term using Mean Squared Error (MSE). The first training iteration rarely, if ever, produces a perfect output. To gradually bring the training result closer to the expected value, the Backward Pass (adjustment and communication phase) calculates the magnitude and direction by which the weight values should be adjusted. The Backward Pass is repeated as many times as necessary until an acceptable model Continue reading

Weekend Reads 022825

Over time, experience—and sometimes hard lessons—have shown that security is more than just technology, processes, or a team of IT specialists. Without a strong corporate culture that prioritizes cybersecurity, even the best efforts can be overlooked or misunderstood.

Perhaps this is more important: Did you hear that many scientists are “sceptical”? Perhaps not; the headline wouldn’t sound as good.

ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) are very much like a magic act in that their confident responses to almost any query conceal the fact that they are not intelligent in any meaningful sense of the word.

The market for dielectric liquid required for immersion cooling is dominated by a small number of players that are aware of their market power.

Analysis AI models like OpenAI o1/o3, DeepSeek-R1, and Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking can mimic human reasoning through a process called chain of thought.

Hedge 261: The NTIA, Spectrum, and Broadband

In the United States, the National Telecommunications and Infrastructure Administration manages spectrum and researches the current state of Internet connectivity for policy makers. Henning Schulzrinne joins Tom and Russ to discuss the role of the NTIA, spectrum management, and broadband management.
 
You can read the NTIA’s reports here.
 

 
download

HN770: Deploying A Global Network in Minutes With Megaport (Sponsored)

Cloudflare’s 2024 Transparency Reports – now live with new data and a new format

Cloudflare’s 2024 Transparency Reports are now live — with new topics, new data points, and a new format. For over 10 years, Cloudflare has published transparency reports twice a year in order to provide information to our customers, policymakers, and the public about how we handle legal requests and abuse reports relating to the websites using our services. Such transparency reporting is now recognized as a best practice among companies offering online services, and has even been written into law with the European Union’s Digital Service Act (DSA).

While Cloudflare has been publishing transparency reports for a long time, this year we chose to revamp the report in light of new reporting obligations under the DSA, and our goal of making our reports both comprehensive and easy to understand. Before you dive into the reports, learn more about Cloudflare’s longstanding commitment to transparency reporting and the key updates we made in this year’s reports.

Cloudflare started issuing transparency reports early on, because we have long believed that transparency is essential to earning trust. In addition to sharing data about the number and nature of requests we receive, our transparency reports have provided a forum Continue reading

Worth Reading: The Generative AI Con

I love good steamy rants, and The Generative AI Con from Edward Zitron is as good as they come. Pour yourself a glass of wine (or a cup of tea or whatever else you prefer) and have some fun ;)

Lab as Code – Part1

I wrote a post a while back about how the world of labbing changed during my time in networking, this is a follow on to see what options I have in terms of ‘labbing as Code’. I want a way to declaratively deploy the initial lab setup (devices, links, addressing, remote access, etc) so that I can concentrate on the features I am actually trying to lab. My idea is to try and use existing tools rather than writing my own, the following repo has all the code and files I used as part of this blog.

Operations vs Projects Balance in IT infrastructure teams

For the past two years, I have been managing a team in charge of operations and engineering projects on the data center infrastructure of an HPC center. It is a…

The post Operations vs Projects Balance in IT infrastructure teams appeared first on AboutNetworks.net.

Palo Alto Automated Scheduled Configuration Backup

I'm writing this in February 2025, and as far as I know, Palo Alto firewalls (not Panorama) don’t have a built-in mechanism for automatic configuration backups. Panorama, on the other hand, supports scheduled backups and allows you to send them to various locations like an SCP or FTP server. I’m not sure why this feature isn’t available on standalone firewalls, but in any case, let’s look at how you can use the API to periodically fetch the configuration from the Palo Alto firewall.

As always, if you find this post helpful, press the ‘clap’ button. It means a lot to me and helps me know you enjoy this type of content.

Trying to Automate Palo Alto Firewall Objects/Rules Cleanup

In this blog post, we will walk you through how to clean up Palo Alto Firewall Objects and Rules using a Python script. The script is designed to search for a

PacketswitchSuresh Vina

Overview

The Palo Alto KB article explains how to use the XML API with cURL to fetch the configuration and then use a cron job to run it periodically. This method works, but I want to make some tweaks to ensure we have Continue reading

Calico at KubeCon + CloudNativeCon Europe 2025

Tigera is getting ready for KubeCon + CloudNativeCon Europe this year!

Join us for exciting demos, networking opportunities, meaningful community connections, and fun celebrations. We can’t wait to share what’s in store!

This blog post covers all the ways you can engage with us and dive deeper into your favorite tool, Calico, at KubeCon + CloudNativeCon Europe 2025.

CalicoCon 2025

CalicoCon 2025 is your go-to event for the latest in Kubernetes networking, security, and observability. Hosted by the Calico team, it offers an in-depth look at the state of Project Calico.

Attendees will have the chance to connect with Calico engineers and leadership, ask questions, and share their experiences.

Add CalicoCon to your existing KubeCon + CloudNativeCon registration ‌to secure your spot. If you are not attending KubeCon + CloudNativeCon Europe but would still like to attend CalicoCon, please reach out to us ‌on the Calico User Slack.

Event Details

Date: April 1, 2025
Time: 1:00pm – 4:30pm BST
Location: Good Hotel London

<Register Now>

Party with Calico Cool Cats

This is your chance to connect with fellow Kubernetes enthusiasts, Calico users, and the brilliant minds behind Project Calico in a relaxed setting.

Engage in insightful conversations, share your Kubernetes Continue reading

N4N015: Spanning Tree Part 3 – Versions, States and Guards

TNO018: The Network Engineer’s Evolution: Thinking Like a Product Owner (Sponsored)

Some TXT about, and A PTR to, new DNS insights on Cloudflare Radar

No joke – Cloudflare's 1.1.1.1 resolver was launched on April Fool's Day in 2018. Over the last seven years, this highly performant and privacy-conscious service has grown to handle an average of 1.9 Trillion queries per day from approximately 250 locations (countries/regions) around the world. Aggregated analysis of this traffic provides us with unique insight into Internet activity that goes beyond simple Web traffic trends, and we currently use analysis of 1.1.1.1 data to power Radar's Domains page, as well as the Radar Domain Rankings.

In December 2022, Cloudflare joined the AS112 Project, which helps the Internet deal with misdirected DNS queries. In March 2023, we launched an AS112 statistics page on Radar, providing insight into traffic trends and query types for this misdirected traffic. Extending the basic analysis presented on that page, and building on the analysis of resolver data used for the Domains page, today we are excited to launch a dedicated DNS page on Cloudflare Radar to provide increased visibility into aggregate traffic and usage trends seen across 1.1.1.1 resolver traffic. In addition to looking at global, location, and autonomous system (ASN) traffic trends, Continue reading

Notes from OARC44

Rebuilding FRR with pim6d

Short post today.

Turns out that Debian, in its infinite wisdom, disables pim6d in frr. Here’s a short howto on how to build it fixed.

$ sudo apt build-dep frr
[…]
$ apt source frr
[…]
$ cd frr-8*
$ DEB_BUILD_PROFILES=pkg.frr.pim6d dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc -b
$ sudo dpkg -i ../frr_*.deb

Then you can enable pim6d in /etc/frr/daemons and restart frr.

Not that I managed to get IPv6 multicast routing to to work over wireguard interfaces anyway. Not sure what’s wrong. Though it didn’t fix it, here’s an interesting command that made stuff like ip -6 mroute look like it should work:

$ sudo smcroutectl  add LAN ff38:40:fd11:222:3333:44:0:1122 wg-foo

NAN086: A Reality Check On AI for Network Operations

Keep AI interactions secure and risk-free with Guardrails in AI Gateway

The transition of AI from experimental to production is not without its challenges. Developers face the challenge of balancing rapid innovation with the need to protect users and meet strict regulatory requirements. To address this, we are introducing Guardrails in AI Gateway, designed to help you deploy AI safely and confidently. 

LLMs are inherently non-deterministic, meaning outputs can be unpredictable. Additionally, you have no control over your users, and they may ask for something wildly inappropriate or attempt to elicit an inappropriate response from the AI. Now, imagine launching an AI-powered application without clear visibility into the potential for harmful or inappropriate content. Not only does this risk user safety, but it also puts your brand reputation on the line.

To address the unique security risks specific to AI applications, the OWASP Top 10 for Large Language Model (LLM) Applications was created. This is an industry-driven standard that identifies the most critical security vulnerabilities specifically affecting LLM-based and generative AI applications. It’s designed to educate developers, security professionals, and organizations on the unique risks of deploying and managing these systems.

The stakes are even higher with new regulations being introduced:

• European Union Artificial Intelligence Act Continue reading

Worth Reading: The IPv6 Agnostic Blog

Ole Troan, an excellent networking engineer working on IPv6 for decades, has decided to comment on the color of the IPv6 kettle, starting with:

• Is the transition to IPv6 inevitable? (hint: Betteridge’s law of headlines)
• The mistakes and missed opportunities in the design of IPv6 - episode 1 (aka Second System Effect¹)

I’m pretty sure Ole won’t stop there, so stay tuned.

PP051: Security Certifications From Beginner to Advanced