Cloudflare thwarts over 47 million cyberthreats against Jewish and Holocaust educational websites

January 27 marks the International Holocaust Remembrance Day — a solemn occasion to honor the memory of the six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust, along with countless others who fell victim to the Nazi regime's campaign of hatred and intolerance. This tragic chapter in human history serves as a stark reminder of the catastrophic consequences of prejudice and extremism. 

The United Nations General Assembly designated January 27 — the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau —  as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. This year, we commemorate the 80th anniversary of the liberation of this infamous extermination camp.

As the world reflects on this dark period, a troubling resurgence of antisemitism underscores the importance of vigilance. This growing hatred has spilled into the digital realm, with cyberattacks increasingly targeting Jewish and Holocaust remembrance and educational websites — spaces dedicated to preserving historical truth and fostering awareness.

For this reason, here at Cloudflare, we began to publish annual reports covering cyberattacks that target these organizations. These cyberattacks include DDoS attacks as well as bot and application attacks. The insights and trends are based on websites protected by Cloudflare. This is our fourth report, and you can view our previous Holocaust Continue reading

Running Containerlab in macOS (Cisco IOL/cEOS)

Running Containerlab in macOS (Cisco IOL/cEOS)

Let me start by saying that I usually run Containerlab on a dedicated Ubuntu 22.04 VM, which sits on top of Proxmox. All my labs run on this setup. However, I recently wanted to try running Containerlab directly on my MacBook (M3 Pro with 18GB of RAM) for a few reasons. For example, I might need to run labs while I’m away, work offline, or use a MacBook at work where I can’t access my home network. So, I decided to test whether I could run Cisco IOL and Arista EOS on macOS. The answer is yes, and here’s how you can do it.

As always, if you find this post helpful, press the ‘clap’ button on the left. It means a lot to me and helps me know you enjoy this type of content.

If you’re new to Containerlab and trying to understand what it is, I highly recommend checking out my introductory post, which is linked below. It covers the basics and will help you get started.

Containerlab - Creating Network Labs Can’t be Any Easier
What if I tell you that all you need is just a YAML file with just a bunch Continue reading

Tech Bytes: Unifying Cloud, On-Prem Security with Lacework FortiCNAPP (Sponsored)

CNAPP, or Cloud Native Application Protection Platform, is an integrated suite of tools for cloud-native apps that aims to help organizations manage cloud app risks and identify and respond to threats. Today on the Tech Bytes podcast we talk with sponsor Fortinet about its Lacework FortiCNAPP offering and how it integrates CNAPP for unified security... Read more »

NVMe-oF Substantially Reduces Data Access Latency

Modeling hyperscaler cloud architecture is gaining significant momentum in enterprise data centers as many IT teams are repatriating their public cloud workloads back on premises, modernizing their data center for cloud native workloads or building their own specialized public cloud services. They want to integrate the best capability and efficiency aspects of the public cloud with on-premises control. Several key benefits of the public cloud are driving data-center requirements, which include efficiency, scalability, flexibility, automation and agility. Technological innovations have emerged as key enablers of best-of-breed cloud architecture to achieve the benefits promised by the public cloud, which are software-defined storage, open source orchestrators such as Kubernetes, and NVMe-oF (Nonvolatile Memory Express Over Fabrics). All are gaining popularity as foundational components of modern cloud architecture. What Is NVMe-oF? The NVMe-oF v1.0 specification was released in June 2016. NVMe-oF is a network protocol that extends the parallel access and low latency features of Nonvolatile Memory Express (NVMe) protocol across networked storage. Originally designed for local storage and common in direct-attached storage (DAS) architectures, NVMe delivers high-speed data access and low latency by directly interfacing with solid-state disks. NVMe-oF allows these same advantages to be achieved in distributed and Continue reading

Over 700 million events/second: How we make sense of too much data

Cloudflare's network provides an enormous array of services to our customers. We collect and deliver associated data to customers in the form of event logs and aggregated analytics. As of December 2024, our data pipeline is ingesting up to 706M events per second generated by Cloudflare's services, and that represents 100x growth since our 2018 data pipeline blog post. 

At peak, we are moving 107 GiB/s of compressed data, either pushing it directly to customers or subjecting it to additional queueing and batching.

All of these data streams power things like Logs, Analytics, and billing, as well as other products, such as training machine learning models for bot detection. This blog post is focused on techniques we use to efficiently and accurately deal with the high volume of data we ingest for our Analytics products. A previous blog post provides a deeper dive into the data pipeline for Logs. 

The pipeline can be roughly described by the following diagram.

The data pipeline has multiple stages, and each can and will naturally break or slow down because of hardware failures or misconfiguration. And when that happens, there is just too much data to be able to Continue reading

Cisco VRRPv3 IPv6 Configuration Sucks

I spent way too much time ironing out the VRRPv3 quirks on the dozen (or so) platforms supported by netlab. This is the second blog post describing some of the ridiculous stuff I had to deal with.

This is how you configure the basic VRRPv3 parameters for IPv4 on a Cisco IOS/XE device:

VRRPv3 IPv4 configuration on Cisco IOS
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
  vrrp 217 address-family ipv4
    address 172.16.33.42

You would expect something similar for IPv6, right? You’d be right if you were working with Arista EOS:

Read more …

From Python to Go 012. Processing User Input From CLI Arguments And Standard Input.

Hello my friend,

Whenever we develop any network and IT infrastructure automation applications, we need to have some options to provide user input. In previous blog posts in these series we already covered how to provide user input via environment variables and files. Whilst these two approaches can cover majority of your use cases, especially if you develop containerized applications running in autonomy, there are still two options we would like to talk today about.

Why To Bother Learning Automation?

For many years I was doing network design and operation without automating it (or at least without structured approach to automate it). And there are still loads of such job positions out there. And I see it based on the audience of my blog: majority of people here for networking knowledge, much less are for automation topics. From pure pragmatic standpoint of writing popular blogs, I should stick to network technologies, especially something fancy as SD-WAN and others. However, from the direction of the technologies development, I see that value (including jobs) comes from intersection of domains: networking, compute, storage, software development, data bases, Kubernetes, observability, etc. I’m of a strong opinion that engineers these days must be aware of Continue reading

Palo Alto How to Configure SSL Decryption?

Palo Alto How to Configure SSL Decryption?

Most websites we access today use HTTPS, and to fully leverage a Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW) like Palo Alto, inspecting encrypted HTTPS sessions is crucial. Configuring SSL decryption isn't just a set-it-and-forget-it task. It requires careful consideration and ongoing improvements. In this blog post, we'll explore how to configure SSL decryption in Palo Alto firewalls and highlight some pitfalls to be aware of. So, let's get to it.

As always, if you find this post helpful, press the ‘clap’ button on the left. It means a lot to me and helps me know you enjoy this type of content.

Palo Alto How to Block Specific URLs?
In this blog post, we’ll explore how to block specific sites using a Palo Alto firewall. There are two ways to achieve this, and we’ll cover both options.
Palo Alto How to Configure SSL Decryption?PacketswitchSuresh Vina
Palo Alto How to Configure SSL Decryption?

SSL Decryption Considerations

As I mentioned earlier, configuring SSL decryption isn’t as simple as flipping a switch. Decryption allows your firewall to inspect the contents of encrypted sessions. Normally, HTTPS traffic is encrypted from your browser to the server, ensuring the sessions are private. However, with SSL decryption, the firewall acts as a man-in-the-middle, inspecting the traffic in plain text. It’s crucial Continue reading

Weekend Reads 012425


AI errors come at seemingly random times, without any clustering around particular topics. LLM mistakes tend to be more evenly distributed through the knowledge space. A model might be equally likely to make a mistake on a calculus question as it is to propose that cabbages eat goats.


In this post, we start by explaining the configuration of our switching infrastructure using common IETF protocols to implement redundancy, full usage of resources, and seamless adaptivity in case of failures or maintenance. We then continue presenting the configuration of our route servers with a special focus on isolating different LANs and dynamically excluding invalid routes.


LLMs are undeniably astonishingly good at using the text they trained on (aided by human fine tuners) to generate convincing prose. But they are really bad at distinguishing between truth and falsehoods and responding to prompts that are unlike or even slightly different from what they trained on.


I wonder how many of you have noticed a subtle change in the way that you navigate the web? We’re in the midst of a transition to the zero click Internet, meaning users no longer have to click on links to reach web sites to find content.


Time Continue reading

Hedge 256: The Impact of Your First Language

Richard Wexelblat published an article in 1980 titled: “The consequences of one’s first programming language.” We’ve all seen C code written like Python, or Python code written like C, so it’s obvious a coder’s first language has a long lasting effect on their style. What about network engineers? Are there times and places where the first of anything a network engineers encounters has a long lasting impact on the way they think and work? In this roundtable, Tom, Eyvonne, and Russ consider different ways this might apply to network engineering.

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Use BGP Outbound Route Filters (ORF) for IP Prefixes

When a BGP router cannot fit the whole BGP table into its forwarding table (FIB), we often use inbound filters to limit the amount of information the device keeps in its BGP table. That’s usually a waste of resources:

  • The BGP neighbor has to send information about all prefixes in its BGP table
  • The device with an inbound filter wastes additional CPU cycles to drop many incoming updates.

Wouldn’t it be better for the device with an inbound filter to push that filter to its BGP neighbors?

Read more …

Sturgeon’s Law, VRRPv3 Edition

I just wasted several days trying to figure out how to make the dozen (or so) platforms for which we implemented VRRPv3 in netlab work together. This is the first in a series of blog posts describing the ridiculous stuff we discovered during that journey

The idea was pretty simple:

  • Create a lab with the tested device and a well-known probe connected to the same subnet.
  • Disable VRRP (or interface) on the probe and check IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity through the tested device (verifying it takes over ownership of VRRP MAC and IP addresses).
  • Reenable VRRP on the probe and change its VRRP priority several times to check the state transitions through INIT/BACKUP(lower priority)/MASTER(change in priority)/BACKUP(preempting after a change in priority).
Read more …
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