Running Palo Alto Firewalls on Proxmox

If you follow me or my blog, you may know that I moved my homelab to Proxmox. Even though I already have a physical Palo Alto firewall, I also needed to set up a Palo Alto VM. After some reading and research, and with the help of a great guide I found, I managed to get Palo Alto running on Proxmox. I thought it would be useful to write a post about it for anyone else trying to do the same.

At a high level, you need to download the Palo Alto QCOW image. I’m using PAN-OS 11.2.5 and downloaded the image called PA-VM-KVM-11.2.5.qcow2. You will also need multiple network interfaces on Proxmox. With Palo Alto, you need at least two to begin with, one for management and one for data.

When I say Proxmox interfaces or NICs, I mean the virtual network adapters that you can assign to your VM. These map to your physical or virtual bridges on the Proxmox host, and they let you connect the firewall VM to different parts of your network.

The first step is to copy the Palo Alto QCOW image over to Continue reading

A deeper look at AI crawlers: breaking down traffic by purpose and industry

Search platforms historically crawled web sites with the implicit promise that, as the sites showed up in the results for relevant searches, they would send traffic on to those sites — in turn leading to ad revenue for the publisher. This model worked fairly well for several decades, with a whole industry emerging around optimizing content for optimal placement in search results. It led to higher click-through rates, more eyeballs for publishers, and, ideally, more ad revenue. However, the emergence of AI platforms over the last several years, and the incorporation of AI "overviews" into classic search platforms, has turned the model on its head. When users turn to these AI platforms with queries that used to go to search engines, they often won't click through to the original source site once an answer is provided — and that assumes that a link to the source is provided at all! No clickthrough, no eyeballs, and no ad revenue. 

To provide a perspective on the scope of this problem, Radar launched crawl/refer ratios on July 1, based on traffic seen across our whole customer base. These ratios effectively compare the number of crawling requests for HTML pages from the crawler Continue reading

The age of agents: cryptographically recognizing agent traffic

On the surface, the goal of handling bot traffic is clear: keep malicious bots away, while letting through the helpful ones. Some bots are evidently malicious — such as mass price scrapers or those testing stolen credit cards. Others are helpful, like the bots that index your website. Cloudflare has segmented this second category of helpful bot traffic through our verified bots program, vetting and validating bots that are transparent about who they are and what they do.

Today, the rise of agents has transformed how we interact with the Internet, often blurring the distinctions between benign and malicious bot actors. Bots are no longer directed only by the bot owners, but also by individual end users to act on their behalf. These bots directed by end users are often working in ways that website owners want to allow, such as planning a trip, ordering food, or making a purchase.

Our customers have asked us for easier, more granular ways to ensure specific bots, crawlers, and agents can reach their websites, while continuing to block bad actors. That’s why we’re excited to introduce signed agents, an extension of our verified bots program that gives a new bot Continue reading

Make Your Website Conversational for People and Agents with NLWeb and AutoRAG

Publishers and content creators have historically relied on traditional keyword-based search to help users navigate their website’s content. However, traditional search is built on outdated assumptions: users type in keywords to indicate intent, and the site returns a list of links for the most relevant results. It’s up to the visitor to click around, skim pages, and piece together the answer they’re looking for. 

AI has reset expectations and that paradigm is breaking: how we search for information has fundamentally changed.

Users no longer want to search websites the old way. They’re used to interacting with AI systems like Copilot, Claude, and ChatGPT, where they can simply ask a question and get an answer. We’ve moved from search engines to answer engines. 

At the same time, websites now have a new class of visitors, AI agents. Agents face the same pain with keyword search: they have to issue keyword queries, click through links, and scrape pages to piece together answers. But they also need more: a structured way to ask questions and get reliable answers across websites. This means that websites need a way to give the agents they trust controlled access, so Continue reading

The next step for content creators in working with AI bots: Introducing AI Crawl Control

Empowering content creators in the age of AI with smarter crawling controls and direct communication channels

Imagine you run a regional news site. Last month an AI bot scraped 3 years of archives in minutes — with no payment and little to no referral traffic. As a small company, you may struggle to get the AI company's attention for a licensing deal. Do you block all crawler traffic, or do you let them in and settle for the few referrals they send? 

It’s picking between two bad options.

Cloudflare wants to help break that stalemate. On July 1st of this year, we declared Content Independence Day based on a simple premise: creators deserve control of how their content is accessed and used. Today, we're taking the next step in that journey by releasing AI Crawl Control to general availability — giving content creators and AI crawlers an important new way to communicate.

Today, we're rebranding our AI Audit tool as AI Crawl Control and moving it from beta to general availability. This reflects the tool's evolution from simple monitoring to detailed insights and control over how AI systems can access your content. 

The Continue reading

Evaluating image segmentation models for background removal for Images

Last week, we wrote about face cropping for Images, which runs an open-source face detection model in Workers AI to automatically crop images of people at scale.

It wasn’t too long ago when deploying AI workloads was prohibitively complex. Real-time inference previously required specialized (and costly) hardware, and we didn’t always have standard abstractions for deployment. We also didn’t always have Workers AI to enable developers — including ourselves — to ship AI features without this additional overhead.

And whether you’re skeptical or celebratory of AI, you’ve likely seen its explosive progression. New benchmark-breaking computational models are released every week. We now expect a fairly high degree of accuracy — the more important differentiators are how well a model fits within a product’s infrastructure and what developers do with its predictions.

This week, we’re introducing background removal for Images. This feature runs a dichotomous image segmentation model on Workers AI to isolate subjects in an image from their backgrounds. We took a controlled, deliberate approach to testing models for efficiency and accuracy.

Here’s how we evaluated various image segmentation models to develop background removal.

In computer vision, image segmentation is the process of splitting Continue reading

Nvidia Sets The Datacenter Growth Bar Very High As Compute Sales Dip

The expectations for GenAI are unreasonably high and the pressure on Nvidia is tectonic. …

Nvidia Sets The Datacenter Growth Bar Very High As Compute Sales Dip was written by Timothy Prickett Morgan at The Next Platform.

IBM And AMD Tag Team On Hybrid Classical-Quantum Supercomputers

As we talked about a decade ago in the wake of launching The Next Platform, quantum computers – at least the fault tolerant ones being built by IBM, Google, Rigetti, and a few others – need a massive amount of traditional Von Neumann compute to help maintain their state, assist with qubit error correction, and assist with their computations. …

IBM And AMD Tag Team On Hybrid Classical-Quantum Supercomputers was written by Timothy Prickett Morgan at The Next Platform.

AI Gateway now gives you access to your favorite AI models, dynamic routing and more — through just one endpoint

Getting the observability you need is challenging enough when the code is deterministic, but AI presents a new challenge — a core part of your user’s experience now relies on a non-deterministic engine that provides unpredictable outputs. On top of that, there are many factors that can influence the results: the model, the system prompt. And on top of that, you still have to worry about performance, reliability, and costs. 

Solving performance, reliability and observability challenges is exactly what Cloudflare was built for, and two years ago, with the introduction of AI Gateway, we wanted to extend to our users the same levels of control in the age of AI. 

Today, we’re excited to announce several features to make building AI applications easier and more manageable: unified billing, secure key storage, dynamic routing, security controls with Data Loss Prevention (DLP). This means that AI Gateway becomes your go-to place to control costs and API keys, route between different models and providers, and manage your AI traffic. Check out our new AI Gateway landing page for more information at a glance.

When using an AI provider, you typically have to sign up for Continue reading

State-of-the-art image generation Leonardo models and text-to-speech Deepgram models now available in Workers AI

When we first launched Workers AI, we made a bet that AI models would get faster and smaller. We built our infrastructure around this hypothesis, adding specialized GPUs to our datacenters around the world that can serve inference to users as fast as possible. We created our platform to be as general as possible, but we also identified niche use cases that fit our infrastructure well, such as low-latency image generation or real-time audio voice agents. To lean in on those use cases, we’re bringing on some new models that will help make it easier to develop for these applications.

Today, we’re excited to announce that we are expanding our model catalog to include closed-source partner models that fit this use case. We’ve partnered with Leonardo.Ai and Deepgram to bring their latest and greatest models to Workers AI, hosted on Cloudflare’s infrastructure. Leonardo and Deepgram both have models with a great speed-to-performance ratio that suit the infrastructure of Workers AI. We’re starting off with these great partners — but expect to expand our catalog to other partner models as well.

The benefits of using these models on Workers AI is that we don’t only have a standalone inference Continue reading

How Cloudflare runs more AI models on fewer GPUs: A technical deep-dive

As the demand for AI products grows, developers are creating and tuning a wider variety of models. While adding new models to our growing catalog on Workers AI, we noticed that not all of them are used equally – leaving infrequently used models occupying valuable GPU space. Efficiency is a core value at Cloudflare, and with GPUs being the scarce commodity they are, we realized that we needed to build something to fully maximize our GPU usage.

Omni is an internal platform we’ve built for running and managing AI models on Cloudflare’s edge nodes. It does so by spawning and managing multiple models on a single machine and GPU using lightweight isolation. Omni makes it easy and efficient to run many small and/or low-volume models, combining multiple capabilities by:  

• Spawning multiple models from a single control plane,

• Implementing lightweight process isolation, allowing models to spin up and down quickly,

• Isolating the file system between models to easily manage per-model dependencies, and

• Over-committing GPU memory to run more models on a single GPU.

Cloudflare aims to place GPUs as close as we possibly can to people and applications that are using them. With Omni in place, we’re now able to run Continue reading

How we built the most efficient inference engine for Cloudflare’s network

Inference powers some of today’s most powerful AI products: chat bot replies, AI agents, autonomous vehicle decisions, and fraud detection. The problem is, if you’re building one of these products on top of a hyperscaler, you’ll likely need to rent expensive GPUs from large centralized data centers to run your inference tasks. That model doesn’t work for Cloudflare — there’s a mismatch between Cloudflare’s globally-distributed network and a typical centralized AI deployment using large multi-GPU nodes. As a company that operates our own compute on a lean, fast, and widely distributed network within 50ms of 95% of the world’s Internet-connected population, we need to be running inference tasks more efficiently than anywhere else.

This is further compounded by the fact that AI models are getting larger and more complex. As we started to support these models, like the Llama 4 herd and gpt-oss, we realized that we couldn’t just throw money at the scaling problems by buying more GPUs. We needed to utilize every bit of idle capacity and be agile with where each model is deployed. 

After running most of our models on the widely used open source inference and serving engine vLLM, we figured out it Continue reading

SwiNOG 40: Application-Based Source Routing with SRv6

The we should give different applications different paths across the network idea never dies (even though in many places the residential Internet gives you enough bandwidth to watch 4K videos), and the Leveraging Intent-Based Networking and SRv6 for Dynamic End-to-End Traffic Steering (video) by Severin Dellsperger was an interesting new riff on that ancient grailhunt.

Their solution uses SRv6 for traffic steering¹, an Intent-Based System² that figures out paths across the network, and eBPF on client hosts³ to add per-application SRv6 headers to outgoing traffic.

Intel’s “Clearwater Forest” Xeon 7 E-Core CPU Will Be A Beast

With AMD having attaining more than 40 percent revenue share and more than 27 percent shipment share in the X86 server CPU market in the first half of 2025, that means two things. …

Intel’s “Clearwater Forest” Xeon 7 E-Core CPU Will Be A Beast was written by Timothy Prickett Morgan at The Next Platform.

Securing the AI Revolution: Introducing Cloudflare MCP Server Portals

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving from impressive information retrieval tools into active, intelligent agents. The key to unlocking this transformation is the Model Context Protocol (MCP), an open-source standard that allows LLMs to securely connect to and interact with any application — from Slack to Canva, to your own internal databases.

This is a massive leap forward. With MCP, an LLM client like Gemini, Claude, or ChatGPT can answer more than just "tell me about Slack." You can ask it: "What were the most critical engineering P0s in Jira from last week, and what is the current sentiment in the #engineering-support Slack channel regarding them? Then propose updates and bug fixes to merge."

This is the power of MCP: turning models into teammates.

But this great power comes with proportional risk. Connecting LLMs to your most critical applications creates a new, complex, and largely unprotected attack surface. Today, we change that. We’re excited to announce Cloudflare MCP Server Portals are now available in Open Beta. MCP Server Portals are a new capability that enable you to centralize, secure, and observe every MCP connection in your organization. Continue reading

Introducing Cloudflare Application Confidence Score For AI Applications

The availability of SaaS and Gen AI applications is transforming how businesses operate, boosting collaboration and productivity across teams. However, with increased productivity comes increased risk, as employees turn to unapproved SaaS and Gen AI applications, often dumping sensitive data into them for quick productivity wins. 

The prevalence of “Shadow IT” and “Shadow AI” creates multiple problems for security, IT, GRC and legal teams. For example:

• Gen AI applications may train their models on user inputs, which could expose proprietary corporate information to third parties, competitors, or even through clever attacks like prompt injection. 

• Applications may retain user data for long periods, share data with third parties, have lax security practices, suffer a data breach, or even go bankrupt, leaving sensitive data exposed to the highest bidder.  

• Gen AI applications may produce outputs that are biased, unsafe or incorrect, leading to compliance violations or bad business decisions.

In spite of these problems, blanket bans of Gen AI don't work. They stifle innovation and push employee usage underground. Instead, organizations need smarter controls.

Security, IT, legal and GRC teams therefore face a difficult challenge: how can you appropriately assess each third-party application, without Continue reading

ChatGPT, Claude, & Gemini security scanning with Cloudflare CASB

Starting today, all users of Cloudflare One, our secure access service edge (SASE) platform, can use our API-based Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB) to assess the security posture of their generative AI (GenAI) tools: specifically, OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Claude by Anthropic, and Google’s Gemini. Organizations can connect their GenAI accounts and within minutes, start detecting misconfigurations, Data Loss Prevention (DLP) matches, data exposure and sharing, compliance risks, and more — all without having to install cumbersome software onto user devices.

As Generative AI adoption has exploded in the enterprise, IT and Security teams need to hustle to keep themselves abreast of newly emerging  security and compliance challenges that come alongside these powerful tools. In this rapidly changing landscape, IT and Security teams need tools that help enable AI adoption while still protecting the security and privacy of their enterprise networks and data. 

Cloudflare’s API CASB and inline CASB work together to help organizations safely adopt AI tools. The API CASB integrations provide out-of-band visibility into data at rest and security posture inside popular AI tools like ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini. At the same time, Cloudflare Gateway provides in-line prompt controls and Shadow AI identification. It applies policies and Continue reading

Block unsafe prompts targeting your LLM endpoints with Firewall for AI

Security teams are racing to secure a new attack surface: AI-powered applications. From chatbots to search assistants, LLMs are already shaping customer experience, but they also open the door to new risks. A single malicious prompt can exfiltrate sensitive data, poison a model, or inject toxic content into customer-facing interactions, undermining user trust. Without guardrails, even the best-trained model can be turned against the business.

Today, as part of AI Week, we’re expanding our AI security offerings by introducing unsafe content moderation, now integrated directly into Cloudflare Firewall for AI. Built with Llama, this new feature allows customers to leverage their existing Firewall for AI engine for unified detection, analytics, and topic enforcement, providing real-time protection for Large Language Models (LLMs) at the network level. Now with just a few clicks, security and application teams can detect and block harmful prompts or topics at the edge — eliminating the need to modify application code or infrastructure. This feature is immediately available to current Firewall for AI users. Those not yet onboarded can contact their account team to participate in the beta program.

Cloudflare's Firewall for AI protects user-facing LLM applications from abuse and Continue reading

Best Practices for Securing Generative AI with SASE

As Generative AI revolutionizes businesses everywhere, security and IT leaders find themselves in a tough spot. Executives are mandating speedy adoption of Generative AI tools to drive efficiency and stay abreast of competitors. Meanwhile, IT and Security teams must rapidly develop an AI Security Strategy, even before the organization really understands exactly how it plans to adopt and deploy Generative AI. 

IT and Security teams are no strangers to “building the airplane while it is in flight”. But this moment comes with new and complex security challenges. There is an explosion in new AI capabilities adopted by employees across all business functions — both sanctioned and unsanctioned. AI Agents are ingesting authentication credentials and autonomously interacting with sensitive corporate resources. Sensitive data is being shared with AI tools, even as security and compliance frameworks struggle to keep up.

While it demands strategic thinking from Security and IT leaders, the problem of governing the use of AI internally is far from insurmountable. SASE (Secure Access Service Edge) is a popular cloud-based network architecture that combines networking and security functions into a single, integrated service that provides employees with secure and efficient access to the Internet and to corporate resources, regardless Continue reading

EVPN Designs: Layer-3 Inter-AS Option A

A netlab user wanted to explore a multi-site design where every site runs an independent EVPN fabric, and the inter-site link is either a layer-2 or a layer-3 interconnect (DCI). Let’s start with the easiest scenario: a layer-3 DCI with a separate (virtual) link for every tenant (in the MPLS/VPN world, we’d call that Inter-AS Option A)