UET Protocol: How the NIC constructs packet from the Work Entries (WRE+SES+PDS)

 Semantic Sublayer (SES) Operation 

[Rewritte 12. Dec-2025]

After a Work Request Entity (WRE) is created, the UET provider generates the parameters needed by the Semantic Sublayer (SES) headers. At this stage, the SES does not construct the actual wire header. Instead, it provides the header parameters, which are later used by the Packet Delivery Context (PDC) state machine to construct the final SES wire header, as explained in the upcoming PDC section. These parameters ensure that all necessary information about the message, including addressing and size, is available for later stages of processing.

Fragmentation Due to Guaranteed Buffer Limits

In our example, the data to be written to the remote GPU is 16 384 bytes. The dual-port NIC in figure 5-5 has a total memory capacity of 16 384 bytes, divided into three regions: a 4 096-byte guaranteed per-port buffer for Eth0 and Eth1, and an 8 192-byte shared memory pool available to both ports. Because gradient synchronization requires lossless delivery, all data must fit within the guaranteed buffer region. The shared memory pool cannot be used, as its buffer space is not guaranteed.

Since the message exceeds the size of the guaranteed buffer, it must be fragmented. The UET provider splits the 16 384-byte Continue reading

NAN108: Perspectives, Hopes, and Challenges of Young Network Engineers

D2DO289: Instana: Leading the Future of Observability (Sponsored)

Why AI Traffic Growth Demands Optical Network Automation Now

Demand for bandwidth continues to surge with increasing use of AI, high-definition video streaming, cloud and 5G mobile applications. In response, optical services need to become more dynamic and meet stricter service-level requirements. Consequently, metro-based networks owned by communications service providers (CSPs) and used for mobile transport, enterprise services or broadband access services face new demands relating to power, multiservice aggregation, security, AI integration and network slicing. Figure 1 shows a rich set of applications in a typical metro network. Figure 1 — A typical metro network supports a rich set of applications. As AI use grows, it will create a force multiplier that will drive significant traffic to transport networks. But the challenging throughput, latency and reliability requirements of AI workloads are already taking network scale and complexity to another level. CSPs are facing unprecedented pressure to deliver more, faster and better. Figure 2 shows the impact of AI traffic growth based on a recent Nokia Bell Labs study. This growth can range from 14% to 31%. Figure 2 — Traffic growth effects on CSP networks. CSPs’ access and aggregation network (orange) will bear the heaviest load, roughly 31% of the total AI traffic. CSPs’ metro network (pink) is Continue reading

Simplifying SR-TE with mesh templates

A big problem with deploying traffic engineering is configuration complexity. This has now been solved.

Why use Traffic Engineering

Typical reasons for using traffic engineering are:

• Send some traffic via a low latency path
• Send A/B streams via different paths

Evergreen: The Big Ball of Mud

In 2007, Jeff Atwood published a legendary blog post summarizing a 1997 paper by Brian Foote and Joseph Yoder.

Reading that blog post (or the original paper), the inevitable conclusion is that we haven’t made much progress in the last 20 years. Even worse, almost every single pathological architecture described in that blog post applies quite well to real-life organically grown networks.

2026 INFINITI QX80 Autograph 4WD: SUV Mewah dengan Lompatan Teknologi Baru

Desain Eksterior yang Semakin Berwibawa

Generasi terbaru 2026 INFINITI QX80 Autograph 4WD hadir dengan tampilan yang lebih tegas dan modern. Desain bodinya terlihat tebal namun tetap elegan. Bentuk gril dark chrome kini memberi kesan premium sejak pandangan pertama. Selain itu, velg 22 inci dengan finishing two-tone membuat tampilannya semakin berkelas. Karena itu, QX80 Autograph 4WD tidak hanya sekadar SUV besar, tetapi juga simbol status yang nyata.

Selain tampilan solid, fitur eksteriornya juga mendukung kemudahan. Pengemudi mendapatkan akses pintu otomatis, INFINITI Light Path, serta puddle lights yang membantu saat malam. Lalu, roof dual-pane moonroof memberi atmosfer kabin yang lebih lapang dan mewah. Semua elemen tersebut bersatu menciptakan identitas baru yang lebih kuat.

Interior Ultra Mewah dengan Kemudahan Maksimal

Masuk ke dalam kabin, QX80 Autograph 4WD langsung menunjukkan standar kenyamanan kelas atas. Material semi-aniline leather dengan pola dot quilting terasa sangat lembut. Kursi baris pertama dan kedua punya fitur heated, ventilated, dan massage, sehingga perjalanan jauh terasa nyaman. Bahkan baris ketiga sudah Continue reading

PP090: Why Native Controls Aren’t Enough to Protect Your Cloud Workspaces (Sponsored)

HS120: Eight New Year’s Resolutions for 2026

Shifting left at enterprise scale: how we manage Cloudflare with Infrastructure as Code

The Cloudflare platform is a critical system for Cloudflare itself. We are our own Customer Zero – using our products to secure and optimize our own services. 

Within our security division, a dedicated Customer Zero team uses its unique position to provide a constant, high-fidelity feedback loop to product and engineering that drives continuous improvement of our products. And we do this at a global scale — where a single misconfiguration can propagate across our edge in seconds and lead to unintended consequences. If you've ever hesitated before pushing a change to production, sweating because you know one small mistake could lock every employee out of critical application or take down a production service, you know the feeling. The risk of unintended consequences is real, and it keeps us up at night.

This presents an interesting challenge: How do we ensure hundreds of internal production Cloudflare accounts are secured consistently while minimizing human error?

While the Cloudflare dashboard is excellent for observability and analytics, manually clicking through hundreds of accounts to ensure security settings are identical is a recipe for mistakes. To keep our sanity and our security intact, we stopped treating our configurations as manual point-and-click tasks and Continue reading

IBM Broadens Its Enterprise Software Stack With Confluent Buy

This year, about 45 percent of the revenues at Big Blue will come from software. …

IBM Broadens Its Enterprise Software Stack With Confluent Buy was written by Timothy Prickett Morgan at The Next Platform.

NB555: AI and APIs Drive HPE’s Dual-Platform WLAN Strategy; Dell, HPE Dangle VMware Alternatives

Tech Bytes: How to Get DPUs from Niche to Transformative (Sponsored)

HN807: A ‘CLI Lifer’ No More

netlab 25.12: Cisco IOS/XR Configuration Modules, More VXLAN Goodies

netlab release 25.12 (25.12.02 to be exact – I had a few PEBCAK moments) was published last Friday. Here are the highlights:

• Significantly improved Cisco IOS/XR support. With the netlab release 25.12, you can configure VLANs, VRFs, static routes, route redistribution, OSPF default routes, BGP confederations, and BGP local-as
• VXLAN-over-IPv6 on Arista EOS
• VXLAN with ingress replication on Cisco Catalyst 8000v
• The shutdown link/interface attribute can be used to start labs with interfaces turned off
• Large BGP community lists, implemented on Arista EOS, FRR, and Junos. You can use standard- or large community lists in routing policies
• The netlab validate command will reread validation tests from a modified lab topology file every time you run it. It can also read validation tests from a separate file.

Python Workers redux: fast cold starts, packages, and a uv-first workflow

^{Note: This post was updated with additional details regarding AWS Lambda.}

Last year we announced basic support for Python Workers, allowing Python developers to ship Python to region: Earth in a single command and take advantage of the Workers platform.

Since then, we’ve been hard at work making the Python experience on Workers feel great. We’ve focused on bringing package support to the platform, a reality that’s now here — with exceptionally fast cold starts and a Python-native developer experience.

This means a change in how packages are incorporated into a Python Worker. Instead of offering a limited set of built-in packages, we now support any package supported by Pyodide, the WebAssembly runtime powering Python Workers. This includes all pure Python packages, as well as many packages that rely on dynamic libraries. We also built tooling around uv to make package installation easy.

We’ve also implemented dedicated memory snapshots to reduce cold start times. These snapshots result in serious speed improvements over other serverless Python vendors. In cold start tests using common packages, Cloudflare Workers start over 2.4x faster than AWS Lambda without SnapStart and 3x faster than Google Cloud Run.

In this blog post, we’ll explain Continue reading

Compressing embedded files in Go

Go’s embed feature lets you bundle static assets into an executable, but it stores them uncompressed. This wastes space: a web interface with documentation can bloat your binary by dozens of megabytes. A proposition to optionally enable compression was declined because it is difficult to handle all use cases. One solution? Put all the assets into a ZIP archive! 🗜️

Code

The Go standard library includes a module to read and write ZIP archives. It contains a function that turns a ZIP archive into an io/fs.FS structure that can replace embed.FS in most contexts.¹

package embed

import (
  "archive/zip"
  "bytes"
  _ "embed"
  "fmt"
  "io/fs"
  "sync"
)

//go:embed data/embed.zip
var embeddedZip []byte

var dataOnce = sync.OnceValue(func() *zip.Reader {
  r, err := zip.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(embeddedZip), int64(len(embeddedZip)))
  if err != nil {
    panic(fmt.Sprintf("cannot read embedded archive: %s", err))
  }
  return r
})

func Data() fs.FS {
  return dataOnce()
}

We can build the embed.zip archive with a rule in a Makefile. We specify the files Continue reading

9 Pantai Terbaik di Indonesia Versi Traveler: Surga Tersembunyi di Nusantara

Indonesia adalah gugusan pulau yang memesona. Negara ini menyimpan ribuan potensi wisata pantai yang luar biasa. Setiap sudut menawarkan keindahan yang berbeda. Dari Sabang hingga Merauke, surga bahari tersimpan. Seorang traveler sejati pasti ingin menjelajahinya. Berikut daftar 9 pantai terbaik pilihan traveler. Pantai-pantai ini menawarkan pengalaman liburan tak terlupakan.

Kontroversi Hak Kewarganegaraan di Amerika Serikat

Latar Belakang Perdebatan Besar di Amerika

Selama hampir 160 tahun, Amandemen ke-14 menetapkan bahwa setiap orang yang lahir di wilayah Amerika Serikat berhak menjadi warga negara Amerika. Aturan itu hanya membuat sedikit pengecualian. Misalnya untuk anak diplomat atau anggota militer asing. Karena itu, banyak orang menganggap aturan tersebut sebagai fondasi utama identitas Amerika.

Namun, pemerintahan Donald Trump memicu perdebatan panas sejak awal masa jabatannya. Ia menandatangani perintah eksekutif untuk mengakhiri hak kewarganegaraan otomatis bagi anak yang lahir dari orang tua tanpa izin tinggal atau berstatus visa sementara. Trump melihat hal tersebut sebagai bagian dari reformasi imigrasi besar. Dia menilai bahwa keamanan nasional selalu menjadi prioritas utama.

Sementara itu, aktivis hak sipil dengan tegas menolak langkah keras tersebut. Mereka menyebut hak kewarganegaraan berdasarkan kelahiran sudah dijamin konstitusi, bukan sekadar kebijakan politik yang bisa diubah secara sepihak. Bahkan Cecillia Wang, Direktur ACLU, menegaskan bahwa tidak ada presiden yang bisa menghapus janji fundamental Amandemen ke-14.

Pertarungan Hukum Menuju Mahkamah Agung

Selanjutnya, banyak pengadilan federal langsung menghentikan perintah eksekutif Trump. Mereka menyatakan tindakan itu melanggar Konstitusi. Continue reading

Best of the Hedge: Hedge 6 on DoH (Part 2)

In this episode of the Hedge, Geoff Huston joins Tom Ammon and Russ White to finish the discussion on the ideas behind DNS over HTTPS (DoH), and to consider the implications of its widespread adoption. Is it time to bow to our new overlords?
 
This is part two of a two part series. This is a “best of the Hedge” repost.
 

 
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