Worth Reading: History of 8-bit Bytes
Just in case you wondered why we have eight bits per byte: after Julia Evans investigated this mystery, Steven Bellovin published an excellent overview of the early years of bytes and words.
Worth Reading: History of 8-bit Bytes
Just in case you wondered why we have eight bits per byte: after Julia Evans investigated this mystery, Steven Bellovin published an excellent overview of the early years of bytes and words.
Understanding the Role of Digital Twins in Networking
Whether one is a telecom engineer or works in an enterprise, digital twins will eventually be the way managing a network is done.Wildcard and multi-hostname support in Cloudflare Access
We are thrilled to announce the full support of wildcard and multi-hostname application definitions in Cloudflare Access. Until now, Access had limitations that restricted it to a single hostname or a limited set of wildcards. Before diving into these new features let’s review Cloudflare Access and its previous limitations around application definition.
Access and hostnames
Cloudflare Access is the gateway to applications, enforcing security policies based on identity, location, network, and device health. Previously, Access applications were defined as a single hostname. A hostname is a unique identifier assigned to a device connected to the internet, commonly used to identify a website, application, or server. For instance, "www.example.com" is a hostname.
Upon successful completion of the security checks, a user is granted access to the protected hostname via a cookie in their browser, in the form of a JSON Web Token (JWT). This cookie's session lasts for a specific period of time defined by the administrators and any request made to the hostname must have this cookie present.
However, a single hostname application definition was not sufficient in certain situations, particularly for organizations with Single Page Applications and/or hundreds of identical hostnames.
Many Single Page Applications have two Continue reading
Account Security Analytics and Events: better visibility over all domains
Cloudflare offers many security features like WAF, Bot management, DDoS, Zero Trust, and more! This suite of products are offered in the form of rules to give basic protection against common vulnerability attacks. These rules are usually configured and monitored per domain, which is very simple when we talk about one, two, maybe three domains (or what we call in Cloudflare’s terms, “zones”).
The zone-level overview sometimes is not time efficient
If you’re a Cloudflare customer with tens, hundreds, or even thousands of domains under your control, you’d spend hours going through these domains one by one, monitoring and configuring all security features. We know that’s a pain, especially for our Enterprise customers. That’s why last September we announced the Account WAF, where you can create one security rule and have it applied to the configuration of all your zones at once!
Account WAF makes it easy to deploy security configurations. Following the same philosophy, we want to empower our customers by providing visibility over these configurations, or even better, visibility on all HTTP traffic.
Today, Cloudflare is offering holistic views on the security suite by launching Account Security Analytics and Account Security Events. Now, Continue reading
One-click ISO 27001 certified deployment of Regional Services in the EU
Today, we’re very happy to announce the general availability of a new region for Regional Services that allows you to limit your traffic to only ISO 27001 certified data centers inside the EU. This helps customers that have very strict requirements surrounding which data centers are allowed to decrypt and service traffic. Enabling this feature is a one-click operation right on the Cloudflare dashboard.
Regional Services - a recap
In 2020, we saw an increase in prospects asking about data localization. Specifically, increased regulatory pressure limited them from using vendors that operated at global scale. We launched Regional Services, a new way for customers to use the Cloudflare network. With Regional Services, we put customers back in control over which data centers are used to service traffic. Regional Services operates by limiting exactly which data centers are used to decrypt and service HTTPS traffic. For example, a customer may want to use only data centers inside the European Union to service traffic. Regional Services operates by leveraging our global network for DDoS protection but only decrypting traffic and applying Layer 7 products inside data centers that are located inside the European Union.
We later followed up with the Data Continue reading
Worth Exploring: OSPF Watcher
Vadim Semenov created an interesting solution out of open-source tools (and some glue): a system that tracks, logs, and displays OSPF changes in your network.
It might not be exactly what you’re looking for (and purists would argue it should use BGP-LS), but that’s the beauty of open-source solutions: go and adapt it to your needs, generalizes your fixes, and submit a pull request.
Worth Exploring: OSPF Watcher
Vadim Semenov created an interesting solution out of open-source tools (and some glue): a system that tracks, logs, and displays OSPF changes in your network.
It might not be exactly what you’re looking for (and purists would argue it should use BGP-LS), but that’s the beauty of open-source solutions: go and adapt it to your needs, generalizes your fixes, and submit a pull request.
Connection Types with Network Automation and Ansible
Ansible is a great platform for network automation, but one of its quirks is its sometimes obtuse errors. I was running a playbook which logs into various Arista leafs and spines and does some tests. I’m using SSH to issue the commands (versus eAPI). I got this error:
fatal: [spine1]: FAILED! => {"changed": false, "msg": "Connection type ssh is not valid for this module"}One of the little things that trips me up when doing Ansible with network automation is the connection type.
When you’re automating servers (Ansible’s original use case) the connection type is assumed to be SSH, so the Ansible control node will log in to the node and perform some functions. The default connection type is “ssh”.
It’s a little counter-intuative, but even if you’re using SSH to get into network device, most network-centric modules won’t work. You need to use another connection type such as network_cli, which is part of the netcommon module collection. When you use network_cli, you also might have to specify a few other options such as network_os, become, and become_method.
ansible_connection: network_cli
ansible_network_os: eos
ansible_become: yes
ansible_become_method: enableIf your device has some sort of API, you can use httpapi as the Continue reading
Heavy Networking 670: The Challenges And Satisfactions Of Building And Running A Mastodon Instance
On today’s Heavy Networking I talk with two people who have built and are running Hachyderm, a Mastodon instance which orients itself towards technical-minded folks. What started as a cool project in the basement suddenly grew to tens of thousands of users. I talk with Hachyderm's founders on how they scaled, problems they encountered, how they solved problems, and how they grappled with technical and human challenges.
The post Heavy Networking 670: The Challenges And Satisfactions Of Building And Running A Mastodon Instance appeared first on Packet Pushers.
Heavy Networking 670: The Challenges And Satisfactions Of Building And Running A Mastodon Instance
On today’s Heavy Networking I talk with two people who have built and are running Hachyderm, a Mastodon instance which orients itself towards technical-minded folks. What started as a cool project in the basement suddenly grew to tens of thousands of users. I talk with Hachyderm's founders on how they scaled, problems they encountered, how they solved problems, and how they grappled with technical and human challenges.VyOS with Host sFlow agent
vyos@vyos:~$ show versionVerify that the version of of VyOS is VyOS 1.4-rolling-202303170317 or later
Version: VyOS 1.4-rolling-202303170317
Release train: current
Built by: [email protected]
Built on: Fri 17 Mar 2023 03:17 UTC
Build UUID: 45391302-1240-4cc7-95a8-da8ee6390765
Build commit ID: e887f582cfd7de
Architecture: x86_64
Boot via: installed image
System type: guest
Hardware vendor: innotek GmbH
Hardware model: VirtualBox
Hardware S/N: 0
Hardware UUID: 871dd0f0-c4ec-f147-b1a7-ed536511f141
Copyright: VyOS maintainers and contributors
set system sflow interface eth0The above commands configure sFlow export in the VyOS CLI using the embedded Host sFlow agent.
set system sflow interface eth1
set system sflow interface eth2
set system sflow polling 30
set system sflow sampling-rate 1000
set system sflow server 10.0.0.30 port 6343
docker run --name sflow-rt -p 8008:8008 -p 6343:6343/udp -d sflow/prometheusA quick way to experiment with sFlow is to run the pre-built sflow/prometheus image Continue reading
Why SASE Shouldn’t Be Siloed
Hybrid networks aren’t going away, and by implementing an integrated SASE architecture, organizations can extend the convergence of networking and security from the edge to remote users.Cloudflare Access is the fastest Zero Trust proxy
During every Innovation Week, Cloudflare looks at our network’s performance versus our competitors. In past weeks, we’ve focused on how much faster we are compared to reverse proxies like Akamai, or platforms that sell serverless compute that compares to our Supercloud, like Fastly and AWS. This week, we’d like to provide an update on how we compare to other reverse proxies as well as an update to our application services security product comparison against Zscaler and Netskope. This product is part of our Zero Trust platform, which helps secure applications and Internet experiences out to the public Internet, as opposed to our reverse proxy which protects your websites from outside users.
In addition to our previous post showing how our Zero Trust platform compared against Zscaler, we also have previously shared extensive network benchmarking results for reverse proxies from 3,000 last mile networks around the world. It’s been a while since we’ve shown you our progress towards being #1 in every last mile network. We want to show that data as well as revisiting our series of tests comparing Cloudflare Access to Zscaler Private Access and Netskope Private Access. For our overall network tests, Cloudflare is #1 in Continue reading
Stop brand impersonation with Cloudflare DMARC Management
At the end of 2021 Cloudflare launched Security Center, a unified solution that brings together our suite of security products and unique Internet intelligence. It enables security teams to quickly identify potential security risks and threats to their organizations, map their attack surface and mitigate these risks with just a few clicks. While Security Center initially focused on application security, we are now adding crucial zero trust insights to further enhance its capabilities.
When your brand is loved and trusted, customers and prospects are looking forward to the emails you send them. Now picture them receiving an email from you: it has your brand, the subject is exciting, it has a link to register for something unique — how can they resist that opportunity?
But what if that email didn’t come from you? What if clicking on that link is a scam that takes them down the path of fraud or identity theft? And what if they think you did it? The truth is, even security minded people occasionally fall for well crafted spoof emails.
That poses a risk to your business and reputation. A risk you don’t want to take - no one does. Brand impersonation is a Continue reading
How we built DMARC Management using Cloudflare Workers
What are DMARC reports
DMARC stands for Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance. It's an email authentication protocol that helps protect against email phishing and spoofing.
When an email is sent, DMARC allows the domain owner to set up a DNS record that specifies which authentication methods, such as SPF (Sender Policy Framework) and DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail), are used to verify the email's authenticity. When the email fails these authentication checks DMARC instructs the recipient's email provider on how to handle the message, either by quarantining it or rejecting it outright.
DMARC has become increasingly important in today's Internet, where email phishing and spoofing attacks are becoming more sophisticated and prevalent. By implementing DMARC, domain owners can protect their brand and their customers from the negative impacts of these attacks, including loss of trust, reputation damage, and financial loss.
In addition to protecting against phishing and spoofing attacks, DMARC also provides reporting capabilities. Domain owners can receive reports on email authentication activity, including which messages passed and failed DMARC checks, as well as where these messages originated from.
DMARC management involves the configuration and maintenance of DMARC policies for a domain. Effective DMARC management requires ongoing monitoring and analysis Continue reading
Cloudflare partners with KnowBe4 to equip organizations with real-time security coaching to avoid phishing attacks
Today, we are very excited to announce that Cloudflare’s cloud email security solution, Area 1, now integrates with KnowBe4, a leading security awareness training and simulated phishing platform. This integration allows mutual customers to offer real-time coaching to their employees when a phishing campaign is detected by Cloudflare’s email security solution.
We are all aware that phishing attacks often use email as a vector to deliver the fraudulent message. Cybercriminals use a range of tactics, such as posing as a trustworthy organization, using urgent or threatening language, or creating a sense of urgency to entice the recipient to click on a link or download an attachment.
Despite the increasing sophistication of these attacks and the solutions to stop them, human error remains the weakest link in this chain of events. This is because humans can be easily manipulated or deceived, especially when they are distracted or rushed. For example, an employee might accidentally click on a link in an email that looks legitimate but is actually a phishing attempt, or they might enter their password into a fake login page without realizing it. According to the 2021 Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, phishing was the most common form of social Continue reading
Introducing custom pages for Cloudflare Access
Over 10,000 organizations rely on Cloudflare Access to connect their employees, partners, and contractors to the applications they need. From small teams on our free plan to some of the world’s largest enterprises, Cloudflare Access is the Zero Trust front door to how they work together. As more users start their day with Cloudflare Access, we’re excited to announce new options to customize how those users experience our industry-leading Zero Trust solution. We’re excited to announce customizable Cloudflare Access pages including login, blocks and the application launcher.
Where does Cloudflare Access fit in a user’s workflow today?
Most teams we work with start their Zero Trust journey by replacing their existing virtual private network (VPN) with Cloudflare Access. The reasons vary. For some teams, their existing VPN allows too much trust by default and Access allows them to quickly build segmentation based on identity, device posture, and other factors. Other organizations deploy Cloudflare Access because they are exhausted from trying to maintain their VPN and dealing with end user complaints.
When those administrators begin setting up Cloudflare Access, they connect the resources they need to protect to Cloudflare’s network. They can deploy a Cloudflare Tunnel to create a secure, outbound-only, Continue reading