NAN109: Simplify Your Network Operations with Extreme (Sponsored)
Today Eric Chou dives deep into network automation and operational simplicity with guest Hardik Ajmera, VP of Product Management at Extreme Networks. In this sponsored episode, they talk about the ‘network fabric’, Extreme Platform ONE, and, of course, what’s next with AI in the world of enterprise networking. Hardik also shares how customers in complex... Read more »Hilarious: HTTP Status Codes as Pizza Images
Want to look up various HTTP status/error codes when troubleshooting a DNS BGP network server problem? Start at http.pizza for badly-needed stress relief (HT: Networking Notes), then start a chat session with your new AI friend exploring more focused resources like the Wikipedia list of HTTP status codes.
Negara dengan Bandara Terbanyak di Dunia: Rahasia di Balik Angka Amerika Serikat
Daftar Pustaka
Siapa yang menjadi raja di langit? Bicara soal transportasi udara, satu nama langsung muncul. Ya, Amerika Serikat adalah negara dengan airport terbanyak di dunia. Jumlahnya sangat fantastis dan jauh meninggalkan negara lain. Fenomena ini bukan sekadar angka. Ia mencerminkan geografi, ekonomi, dan budaya yang unik. Mari kita bedah lebih dalam.
Amerika Serikat: Raja Langit dengan Jumlah Bandara Menakjubkan
Amerika Serikat memimpin daftar global dengan jumlah total bandara yang mencengangkan. Menurut data dari FAA atau Federal Aviation Administration, ada lebih dari 19.000 bandara. Angka ini termasuk berbagai jenis fasilitas. Tentu saja, tidak semua bandara sebesar JFK atau LAX. Sebagian besar adalah fasilitas kecil. Namun, semuanya berkontribusi pada infrastruktur penerbangan yang masif.
FAA membagi bandara menjadi dua kategori utama. Pertama adalah bandara umum. Kedua adalah bandara swasta. Bandara umum tersedia untuk penggunaan publik. Sementara itu, bandara swasta hanya untuk pemiliknya. Kombinasi kedualah yang menciptakan angka yang sangat besar. Selain itu, budaya penerbangan umum di AS sangat kuat. Banyak individu dan perusahaan memiliki pesawat pribadi. Akibatnya, kebutuhan akan landai pacu pribadi pun melonjak.
Mengapa Jumlah Bandara di Continue reading
Ingress NGINX Controller Is Dead — Should You Move to Gateway API?
Now What? Understanding the Impact of the Ingress NGINX Deprecation
Ingress NGINX Controller, the trusty staple of countless platform engineering toolkits, is about to be put out to pasture. This news was announced by the Kubernetes community recently, and very quickly circulated throughout the cloud-native space. It’s big news for any platform team that currently uses the NGINX Controller because, as of March 26, 2026, there will be no more bug fixes, no more critical vulnerability patches and no more enhancements when Kubernetes continues to release new versions.
If you’re feeling ambushed, you’re not alone. For many teams, this isn’t just an inconvenient roadmap update, its unexpected news that now puts long-term traffic management decisions front and center. You know you need to migrate yesterday but the best path forward can be a confusing labyrinth of platforms and unfamiliar tools. Questions you might ask yourself:
Do you find a quick drop-in Ingress replacement?
Does moving to Gateway API make sense and can you commit enough resources to do a full migration?
If you decide on Gateway API then what is the best option for a smooth transition?
With Ingress NGINX on the way out, platform teams are standing at a Continue reading
PP091: News Roundup–Securing MCP, Hunting Backdoors, and Getting the Creeps From AI Kids’ Toys
Our final news roundup for 2025 is a holiday sampler of tasty, chewy (and a few yucky) confections. We look at a years-long exploit campaign that used browser extensions to steal credentials, inject malicious content, and track behavior; tracks ongoing exploits using the React2Shell vulnerability; and debates whether a surveillance camera maker’s pledge to follow... Read more »HS121: Digital Security Teammates: From Fantasy to Operational Reality (Sponsored)
Your next security teammate might not be a traditional hire — it could be a Digital Security Teammate (DST),” says Secure.com CEO Uzair Gadit. In this sponsored episode, Uzair explains the concept of a DST and how it differs from an AI SOC. He highlights the operational and business benefits of deploying DST, including improved... Read more »
HW067: Extending Your Wireless Range with Wi-Fi HaLow
Today we delve into Wi-Fi HaLow, 802.11ah. Wi-Fi HaLow offers a more extended range than traditional Wi-Fi. We talk with David Rice, Principle Field Application Engineer and Arien Judge, Open Source Platforms Manager both from Morse Micro. Morse Micro makes chips to deliver energy-efficient wireless communication with extended range in the sub-1 GHz band. They... Read more »Has Ansible Team Abandoned Network Automation?
A month ago, I described how Ansible release 12 broke the network device configuration modules, the little engines (that could) that brought us from the dark days of copy-and-paste into the more-survivable land of configuration templates.
Three releases later (they just released 13.1), the same bug is still there (at least it was on a fresh Python virtual environment install I made on a Ubuntu 24.04 server on December 13th, 2025), making all device_config modules unusable (without changing your Ansible playbooks) for configuration templating. Even worse:
Where are you? A look at GeoIP
The activity of locating devices and users, termed "Geolocation" was the topic of a workshop, hosted by the Internet Architecture Board in early December 2025, and here I'd like to relate my impressions of the discussions that took place in this workshop.UET Request–Response Packet Flow Overview
This section brings together the processes described earlier and explains the packet flow from the node perspective. A detailed network-level packet walk is presented in the following sections..
Initiator – SES Request Packet Transmission
After the Work Request Entity (WRE) and the corresponding SES and PDS headers are constructed, they are submitted to the NIC as a Work Element (WE). As part of this process, a Packet Delivery Context (PDC) is created, and the base Packet Sequence Number (PSN) is selected and encoded into the PDS header.
Once the PDC is established, it begins tracking acknowledged PSNs from the target. For example, the PSN 0x12000 is marked as transmitted.
The NIC then fetches the payload data from local memory according to the address and length information in the WRE. The NIC autonomously performs these steps without CPU intervention, illustrating the hardware offload capabilities of UET.
Next, the NIC encapsulates the data with the required protocol headers: Ethernet, IP, optional UDP, PDS, and SES, and computes the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). The fully formed packet is then transmitted toward the target with Traffic Class (TC) set to Low.
Note: The Traffic Class is orthogonal to the PDC; a single PDC Continue reading
NB556: 2025 Wrap: Insatiable AI, the Worst Top 5, Space Networking Surges, and More
Take a Network Break! We close out 2025 with a look back at some of the stories and trends that captured our attention this year. We start with the top five vendors with the worst track records in 2025 for zero-days in critical enterprise infrastructure. On the news front, we discuss the insanity of the... Read more »ChatGPT’s rivals, Kwai’s quiet rise: the top Internet services of 2025
In 2025, the Internet is more central to our lives than ever, and we rely on an array of online services to get things done, connect with others, and enjoy ourselves. Cloudflare’s Top Internet Services of 2025 report explores how the connected world interacted this year, based on Cloudflare’s observations and analysis of DNS trends.
This report is part of the 2025 Cloudflare Radar Year in Review, focused on shifts in popularity of Internet services. We hope you find the results are a compelling view of trends in nine major categories — who’s moving up, who’s sliding down, and who continues to hold our attention.
These rankings show relative popularity within each category, based on anonymized DNS query data from Cloudflare’s 1.1.1.1 DNS resolver and a machine-learning-assisted ranking method introduced in 2022. A lower rank does not imply lower traffic, only that other services may have grown faster.
Generative AI ➜
Social Media ➜
E-commerce ➜
Video Streaming ➜
News ➜
Messaging ➜
Metaverse & Gaming ➜
Financial Services ➜
Cryptocurrency Services ➜
From the dominance of social media and streaming to the rapid growth of AI chatbots, the data Continue reading
The 2025 Cloudflare Radar Year in Review: The rise of AI, post-quantum, and record-breaking DDoS attacks
The 2025 Cloudflare Radar Year in Review is here: our sixth annual review of the Internet trends and patterns we observed throughout the year, based on Cloudflare’s expansive network view.
Our view is unique, due to Cloudflare’s global network, which has a presence in 330 cities in over 125 countries/regions, handling over 81 million HTTP requests per second on average, with more than 129 million HTTP requests per second at peak on behalf of millions of customer Web properties, in addition to responding to approximately 67 million (authoritative + resolver) DNS queries per second. Cloudflare Radar uses the data generated by these Web and DNS services, combined with other complementary data sets, to provide near-real time insights into traffic, bots, security, connectivity, and DNS patterns and trends that we observe across the Internet.
Our Radar Year in Review takes that observability and, instead of a real-time view, offers a look back at 2025: incorporating interactive charts, graphs, and maps that allow you to explore and compare selected trends and measurements year-over-year and across geographies, as well as share and embed Year in Review graphs.
The 2025 Year In Review is organized Continue reading
Underscores (in Hostnames) Strike Again
I don’t know why I decided to allow underscores in netlab node names. Maybe it’s a leftover from the ancient days when some network devices refused to accept hyphens in hostnames, or perhaps it’s a programmer’s subconscious hatred of hyphens in identifiers (no programming language I’m aware of allows them for a very good reason).
Regardless, you can use underscores in netlab node names (and plugins like multilab use them to create unique hostnames), and they work great on Linux distributions we recommend… until they don’t.
What follows is a story about the weird dependencies that might bite you if you ignore ancient RFCs.
Otak Anda, Atlet Tersembunyi: Mengungkap Rahasia Neuro-Olahraga yang Jarang Dibahas
Daftar Pustaka
Ketika kita membicarakan olahraga, fokus kita seringkali tertuju pada otot yang kuat, teknik yang sempurna, atau strategi brilian di lapangan. Kita memuja atlet karena fisik mereka yang menakjubkan. Tapi, pernahkah terbersit di benak Anda, apa sebenarnya yang membedakan seorang atlet elit dengan mereka yang hanya “baik”? Jawabannya mungkin bukan terletak di otot mereka, melainkan di dalam organ yang paling kompleks di tubuh: otak.
Selamat datang di dunia Neuro-Olahraga, sebuah bidang yang masih tergolong baru namun revolusioner. Ini adalah ilmu yang mempelajari koneksi langsung antara sistem saraf, fungsi kognitif, dan performa fisik. Artikel ini akan mengajak Anda melampaui pembahasan “fokus” atau “konsentrasi” yang klise, dan menyelami mekanisme otak yang sesungguhnya bekerja di balik setiap gerakan presisi, setiap keputusan sepersekian detik, dan setiap momen “keajaiban” dalam olahraga.
Apa Itu Neuro-Olahraga? Lebih dari Sekadar Mental Blocking
Neuro-olahraga bukanlah psikologi Continue reading
Hedge 290: The Amoeba and the Mathematician
In this Hedge roundtable, Eyvonne, Tom, and Russ discuss The Amoeba and the Mathematician
download
TNO052: Internet History with Len Bosack
Len Bosack, co-founder of Cisco Systems and the CEO of XKL, sits down for a discussion with Scott Robohn. Len shares how he went from a mathematician to being responsible for pioneering the widespread commercialization of LAN technology. We also get to hear his firsthand account of building the first multi-protocol routers at Stanford and... Read more »HN808: Is IT a Young Person’s Game?
Is the ideal IT employee just leaving college or a veteran with years of experience? Russ White joins Ethan Banks and Drew Conry-Murray to discuss the complexities of this question. Younger professionals just out of college are more willing to work longer hours or unpopular shifts, learn new tools and skills, and take risks. Older... Read more »Lab: Multilevel IS-IS Deployments
Like OSPF, IS-IS was designed when router memory was measured in megabytes and clock speeds in megahertz. Not surprisingly, it includes a scalability mechanism similar to OSPF areas. An IS-IS router could be a level-1 router (having in-area prefixes and a default route), a level-2 router (knowing just inter-area prefixes), or a level-1-2 router (equivalent to OSPF ABR).
Even though multilevel IS-IS is rarely used today, it always makes sense to understand how things work, and the Multilevel IS-IS Deployments lab exercise created by Dan Partelly gives you a perfect starting point.
Click here to start the lab in your browser using GitHub Codespaces (or set up your own lab infrastructure). After starting the lab environment, change the directory to advanced/1-multilevel and execute netlab up.