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Leave BGP Next Hops Unchanged on Reflected Routes

Here’s the last question I’ll answer from that long list Daniel Dib posted weeks ago (answer to Q1, answer to Q2).

I am trying to understand what made the BGP designers decide that RR should not change the BGP Next Hop for IBGP-learned routes.

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Leave BGP Next Hops Unchanged on Reflected Routes

Here’s the last question I’ll answer from that long list Daniel Dib posted weeks ago (answer to Q1, answer to Q2).

I am trying to understand what made the BGP designers decide that RR should not change the BGP Next Hop for IBGP-learned routes.

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Broadcom CEO outlines what combined Broadcom and VMware might look like

There has been much teeth-gnashing, mixed with a little obfuscation and concern, about what the merged VMware and Broadcom might look like and what it will mean to customers.   On Thursday, Broadcom President and CEO Hock Tan took to his blog to offer some details about what he expects the VMware buy will mean to Broadcom and try to ease some of the concerns customers are having.One of the apprehensions for all customers is cost of products going forward. “Following the purchases of CA and Symantec, Broadcom raised prices, decreased support, and stopped investing in innovation,” Tracy Woo, senior analyst for Forrester told Network World in a recent article. “VMware customers would be wise to have an exit plan,” she cautioned.To read this article in full, please click here

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Broadcom CEO: What the VMware merger will look like

There has been much teeth-gnashing, mixed with a little obfuscation and concern, about what the merged VMware and Broadcom might look like and what it will mean to customers.   Broadcom President and CEO Hock Tan has taken to his blog to offer some details about what he expects the deal will mean to Broadcom and try to ease some customer concerns.One worry: cost of products going forward. “Following the purchases of CA and Symantec, Broadcom raised prices, decreased support, and stopped investing in innovation,” Tracy Woo, senior analyst for Forrester told Network World in a recent article. “VMware customers would be wise to have an exit plan,” she cautioned.To read this article in full, please click here

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Broadcom CEO outlines what combined Broadcom and VMware might look like

There has been much teeth-gnashing, mixed with a little obfuscation and concern, about what the merged VMware and Broadcom might look like and what it will mean to customers.   On Thursday, Broadcom President and CEO Hock Tan took to his blog to offer some details about what he expects the VMware buy will mean to Broadcom and try to ease some of the concerns customers are having.One of the apprehensions for all customers is cost of products going forward. “Following the purchases of CA and Symantec, Broadcom raised prices, decreased support, and stopped investing in innovation,” Tracy Woo, senior analyst for Forrester told Network World in a recent article. “VMware customers would be wise to have an exit plan,” she cautioned.To read this article in full, please click here

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Broadcom CEO: What the VMware merger will look like

There has been much teeth-gnashing, mixed with a little obfuscation and concern, about what the merged VMware and Broadcom might look like and what it will mean to customers.   Broadcom President and CEO Hock Tan has taken to his blog to offer some details about what he expects the deal will mean to Broadcom and try to ease some customer concerns.One worry: cost of products going forward. “Following the purchases of CA and Symantec, Broadcom raised prices, decreased support, and stopped investing in innovation,” Tracy Woo, senior analyst for Forrester told Network World in a recent article. “VMware customers would be wise to have an exit plan,” she cautioned.To read this article in full, please click here

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No way to parse integers in C

There are a few ways to attempt to parse a string into a number in the C standard library. They are ALL broken.

Leaving aside the wide character versions, and staying with long (skipping int, long long or intmax_t, these variants all having the same problem) there are three ways I can think of:

1. atol()
2. strtol() / strtoul()
3. sscanf()

They are all broken.

What is the correct behavior, anyway?

I’ll start by claiming a common sense “I know it when I see it”. The number that I see in the string with my eyeballs must be the numerical value stored in the appropriate data type. “123” must be turned into the number 123.

Another criteria is that the WHOLE number must be parsed. It is not OK to stop at the first sign of trouble, and return whatever maybe is right. “123timmy” is not a number, nor is the empty string.

Failing to provide the above must be an error. Or at least as the user of the parser I must have the option to know if it happened.

First up: atol()

Input	Output
123timmy	123
99999999999999999999999999999999	LONG_MAX
timmy	0
empty string	0
" "	0

No. All Continue reading

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Network Automation with CUE – Introduction

In the past few years, network automation has made its way from a new and fancy way of configuring devices to a well-recognized industry practice. What started as a series of “hello world” examples has evolved into an entire discipline with books, professional certifications and dedicated career paths. It’s safe to say that today, most large-scale networks (>100 devices) are at least deployed (day 0) and sometimes managed (day 1+) using an automated workflow. However, at the heart of these workflows are the same exact principles and tools that were used in the early days. Of course, these tools have evolved and matured but they still have the same scope and limitations. Very often, these limitations are only becoming obvious once we hit a certain scale or complexity, which makes it even more difficult to replace them. The easiest option is to accept and work around them, forcing the square peg down the round hole. In this post, I’d like to propose an alternative approach to what I’d consider “traditional” network automation practices by shifting the focus from “driving the CLI” to the management of data. I believe that this adjustment will enable us to build automation workflows that are Continue reading

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Zscaler Report Finds That the Shift to Cloud is Increasing the Risk of Data Loss

The problem with traditional DLP is it requires continual policy tweaking, ongoing management by large teams, and substantial overhead.

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How to use errexit

In this Linux tip, we’re going to look at a bash option that will cause a script to exit any time it encounters an error. It’s called “errexit."

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Counting individual characters on Linux

Determining how many characters are in a file is easy on the Linux command line: use the ls -l command.On the other hand, if you want to get a count of how many times each character appears in your file, you’re going to need a considerably more complicated command or a script. This post covers several different options.Counting how many times each character appears in a file To count how many of each character are included in a file, you need to string together a series of commands that will consider each character and use a sort command before it counts how many of each character are included.To do that, you can use a command like this one:To read this article in full, please click here

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Counting individual characters on Linux

Determining how many characters are in a file is easy on the Linux command line: use the ls -l command.On the other hand, if you want to get a count of how many times each character appears in your file, you’re going to need a considerably more complicated command or a script. This post covers several different options.Counting how many times each character appears in a file To count how many of each character are included in a file, you need to string together a series of commands that will consider each character and use a sort command before it counts how many of each character are included.To do that, you can use a command like this one:To read this article in full, please click here

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Day Two Cloud 169: Splitting Up Mono-Repositories In Infrastructure As Code

Today on the Day Two Cloud podcast we're going to talk with someone who was part of a DevOps teams deploying Infrastructure as Code (IaC) and applications in the public cloud. This project ran into challenges around scaling, the environments they needed to support, how to store certain artifacts, working with pipeline, and breaking up a monolithic repo into smaller repos and the repercussions of that decision.

The post Day Two Cloud 169: Splitting Up Mono-Repositories In Infrastructure As Code appeared first on Packet Pushers.

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Day Two Cloud 169: Splitting Up Mono-Repositories In Infrastructure As Code

Today on the Day Two Cloud podcast we're going to talk with someone who was part of a DevOps teams deploying Infrastructure as Code (IaC) and applications in the public cloud. This project ran into challenges around scaling, the environments they needed to support, how to store certain artifacts, working with pipeline, and breaking up a monolithic repo into smaller repos and the repercussions of that decision.

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Cisco issues fixes for active exploits of its Windows VPN clients

Cisco is offering software updates for two of its AnyConnect for Windows products it says are actively being exploited in the field.AnyConnect for Windows is security software package, in this case for Windows machines, that sets up VPN connectivity, provides access control and supports other endpoint security features. Cisco said AnyConnect products for MacOS, Linux are not affected.Cisco said its Cisco Product Security Incident Response Team (PSIRT) is aware that proof-of-concept exploit code is available for the vulnerability, which is described in this advisory.To read this article in full, please click here

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Cisco issues fixes for active exploits of its Windows VPN clients

Cisco is offering software updates for two of its AnyConnect for Windows products it says are actively being exploited in the field.AnyConnect for Windows is security software package, in this case for Windows machines, that sets up VPN connectivity, provides access control and supports other endpoint security features. Cisco said AnyConnect products for MacOS, Linux are not affected.Cisco said its Cisco Product Security Incident Response Team (PSIRT) is aware that proof-of-concept exploit code is available for the vulnerability, which is described in this advisory.To read this article in full, please click here

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How to Keep Distractions From Hampering IT Staff Performance

In today's turbulent world, staying focused can be a serious challenge. Keeping your IT team on-target requires both understanding and support.

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History of Ethernet Encapsulations

Henk Smit conscientiously pointed out a major omission I made when summarizing Peter Paluch’s excellent description of how bits get parsed in network headers:

EtherType? What do you mean EtherType? There are/were 4 types of Ethernet encapsulation. Only one of them (ARPA encapsulation) has an EtherType. The other 3 encapsulations do not have an EtherType field.

What is he talking about? Time for another history lesson¹.

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History of Ethernet Encapsulations

Henk Smit conscientiously pointed out a major omission I made when summarizing Peter Paluch’s excellent description of how bits get parsed in network headers:

EtherType? What do you mean EtherType? There are/were 4 types of Ethernet encapsulation. Only one of them (ARPA encapsulation) has an EtherType. The other 3 encapsulations do not have an EtherType field.

What is he talking about? Time for another history lesson¹.

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Partial Cloudflare outage on October 25, 2022

Today, a change to our Tiered Cache system caused some requests to fail for users with status code 530. The impact lasted for almost six hours in total. We estimate that about 5% of all requests failed at peak. Because of the complexity of our system and a blind spot in our tests, we did not spot this when the change was released to our test environment.  

The failures were caused by side effects of how we handle cacheable requests across locations. At first glance, the errors looked like they were caused by a different system that had started a release some time before. It took our teams a number of tries to identify exactly what was causing the problems. Once identified we expedited a rollback which completed in 87 minutes.

We’re sorry, and we’re taking steps to make sure this does not happen again.

Background

One of Cloudflare’s products is our Content Delivery Network, or CDN. This is used to cache assets for websites globally. However, a data center is not guaranteed to have an asset cached. It could be new, expired, or has been purged. If that happens, and a user requests that asset, our CDN needs Continue reading