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Category Archives for "Networking"

Rethinking observability for Kubernetes

Observability is a staple of high-performing software and DevOps teams. Research shows that a comprehensive observability solution, along with a number of other technical practices, positively contributes to continuous delivery and service uptime.

Observability is sometimes confused with monitoring, but there is a clear difference between the two; it’s important to understand the distinction. Observability refers to a technical solution that enables teams to actively debug a system. It is based on exploring activities, properties, and patterns that are not defined in advance. Monitoring, in contrast, is a technical solution that enables teams to watch and understand the state of their systems and is based on gathering pre-defined sets of metrics or logs.

What makes Kubernetes observability different?

Conventional observability and monitoring tools were designed for monolithic systems, observing the health and behavior of a single application instance. Complex distributed microservices architectures, like Kubernetes, are constantly changing, with hundreds and even thousands of pods being created and destroyed within minutes. Because this environment is so dynamic, pre-defined metrics and logs aren’t effective for troubleshooting issues. Conventional observability approaches, which work well in traditional, monolithic environments, are inadequate for Kubernetes. So an observability solution that is purpose-built for a distributed microservices Continue reading

Weekend Reads 100821

first, a few interesting stories on the facebook outage


Facebook says that a configuration error broke its connection to a key network backbone, disconnecting all of its data centers from the Internet and leaving its DNS servers unreachable, the company said.


Following the Facebook outage that took place on 4 October, we saw people looking to BGPlay to get a better view of what went on. Here’s a look at what the RIPEstat visualisation has to show us about the event in question.


On October 4th Facebook managed to achieve one of the more impactful of outages of the entire history of the Internet, assuming that the metric of “impact” is how many users one can annoy with a single outage. In Facebook’s case the 6-hour outage affected the services it provides so some 3 billion users, if we can believe Facebook’s marketing hype.


But surely the bigger lesson is that we are all too dependent on too few Really Big providers. EU Competition Commissioner told Reuters “Facebook’s (FB.O) six-hour outage the previous day shows “the repercussions fn relying on just a few big players and underscores the need for more rivals.”

and other stories, as usual


Email Continue reading

What Can You Learn From Facebook’s Meltdown?

I wanted to wait to put out a hot take on the Facebook issues from earlier this week because failures of this magnitude always have details that come out well after the actual excitement is done. A company like Facebook isn’t going to do the kind of in-depth post-mortem that we might like to see but the amount of information coming out from other areas does point to some interesting circumstances causing this situation.

Let me start off the whole thing by reiterating something important: Your network looks absolutely nothing like Facebook. The scale of what goes on there is unimaginable to the normal person. The average person has no conception of what one billion looks like. Likewise, the scale of the networking that goes on at Facebook is beyond the ken of most networking professionals. I’m not saying this to make your network feel inferior. More that I’m trying to help you understand that your network operations resemble those at Facebook in the same way that a model airplane resembles a space shuttle. They’re alike on the surface only.

Facebook has unique challenges that they have to face in their own way. Network automation there isn’t a bonus. It’s Continue reading

What happened on the Internet during the Facebook outage

What happened on the Internet during the Facebook outage

It's been a few days now since Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp went AWOL and experienced one of the most extended and rough downtime periods in their existence.

When that happened, we reported our bird's-eye view of the event and posted the blog Understanding How Facebook Disappeared from the Internet where we tried to explain what we saw and how DNS and BGP, two of the technologies at the center of the outage, played a role in the event.

In the meantime, more information has surfaced, and Facebook has published a blog post giving more details of what happened internally.

As we said before, these events are a gentle reminder that the Internet is a vast network of networks, and we, as industry players and end-users, are part of it and should work together.

In the aftermath of an event of this size, we don't waste much time debating how peers handled the situation. We do, however, ask ourselves the more important questions: "How did this affect us?" and "What if this had happened to us?" Asking and answering these questions whenever something like this happens is a great and healthy exercise that helps us improve our own resilience.

Continue reading

Helping Apache Servers stay safe from zero-day path traversal attacks (CVE-2021-41773)

Helping Apache Servers stay safe from zero-day path traversal attacks (CVE-2021-41773)
Helping Apache Servers stay safe from zero-day path traversal attacks (CVE-2021-41773)

On September 29, 2021, the Apache Security team was alerted to a path traversal vulnerability being actively exploited (zero-day) against Apache HTTP Server version 2.4.49. The vulnerability, in some instances, can allow an attacker to fully compromise the web server via remote code execution (RCE) or at the very least access sensitive files. CVE number 2021-41773 has been assigned to this issue. Both Linux and Windows based servers are vulnerable.

An initial patch was made available on October 4 with an update to 2.4.50, however, this was found to be insufficient resulting in an additional patch bumping the version number to 2.4.51 on October 7th (CVE-2021-42013).

Customers using Apache HTTP Server versions 2.4.49 and 2.4.50 should immediately update to version 2.4.51 to mitigate the vulnerability. Details on how to update can be found on the official Apache HTTP Server project site.

Any Cloudflare customer with the setting normalize URLs to origin turned on have always been protected against this vulnerability.

Additionally, customers who have access to the Cloudflare Web Application Firewall (WAF), receive additional protection by turning on the rule with the following IDs:

Video: Theoretical View of Network Addressing

After explaining the basics of (network) names, addresses and routes, I wasted a few minutes of everyone’s time discussing the theoretical aspects of layered addressing, and then got back to practical issues like address scopes, namespaces, and address provisioning.

The video ends with a simple (and unappreciated) truth: if you have a point-to-point link between two nodes you don’t need data-link-layer addresses. The consequences of that fact are left as an exercise for the viewer (or you can wait till the next video ;)

Watch the video
You need Free ipSpace.net Subscription to watch the video, and the Standard ipSpace.net Subscription to register for upcoming live sessions.

Video: Theoretical View of Network Addressing

After explaining the basics of (network) names, addresses and routes, I wasted a few minutes of everyone’s time discussing the theoretical aspects of layered addressing, and then got back to practical issues like address scopes, namespaces, and address provisioning.

The video ends with a simple (and unappreciated) truth: if you have a point-to-point link between two nodes you don’t need data-link-layer addresses. The consequences of that fact are left as an exercise for the viewer (or you can wait till the next video ;)

Watch the video
You need Free ipSpace.net Subscription to watch the video, and the Standard ipSpace.net Subscription to register for upcoming live sessions.

Cisco: Networking, security, collaboration at heart of hybrid workforce concerns

When it comes to supporting the emerging hybrid workforce, getting the network and security right is top of mind among enterprise IT leaders.That's one finding detailed in Cisco’s new Hybrid Work Index, which the company says will be updated quarterly to gauge how worker and technology habits are evolving as the COVID-19 pandemic continues.The 10 most powerful companies in enterprise networking 2021 Cisco says the index gleans information from anonymized customer data points culled from a number of its products, including Meraki networking, ThousandEyes internet visibility, Webex collaboration, and security platforms Talos, Duo and Umbrella. The index also incorporates third-party survey data from more than 39,000 respondents across 34 countries.To read this article in full, please click here

In a win for the Internet, federal court rejects copyright infringement claim against Cloudflare

In a win for the Internet, federal court rejects copyright infringement claim against Cloudflare
In a win for the Internet, federal court rejects copyright infringement claim against Cloudflare

Since the founding of the Internet, online copyright infringement has been a real concern for policy makers, copyright holders, and service providers, and there have been considerable efforts to find effective ways to combat it. Many of the most significant legal questions around what is called “intermediary liability” — the extent to which different links in the chain of an Internet transmission can be held liable for problematic online content — have been pressed on lawmakers and regulators, and played out in courts around issues of copyright.

Although section 230 of the Communications Decency Act in the United States provides important protections from liability for intermediaries, copyright and other intellectual property claims are one of the very few areas carved out of that immunity.

A Novel Theory of Liability

Over the years, copyright holders have sometimes sought to hold Cloudflare liable for infringing content on websites using our services. This never made much sense to us. We don’t host the content of the websites at issue, we don’t aggregate or promote the content or in any way help end users find it, and our services are not even necessary for the content’s availability online. Infrastructure service providers like Cloudflare are Continue reading

DDoS protection quickstart guide

DDoS Protect is an open source denial of service mitigation tool that uses industry standard sFlow telemetry from routers to detect attacks and automatically deploy BGP remotely triggered blackhole (RTBH) and BGP Flowspec filters to block attacks within seconds.

This document pulls together links to a number of articles that describe how you can quickly try out DDoS Protect and get it running in your environment:

The Advantages and Challenges of Going ‘Edge Native’

As the internet fills every nook and cranny of our lives, it runs into greater complexity for developers, operations engineers, and the organizations that employ them. How do you reduce latency? How do you comply with the regulations of each region or country where you have a virtual presence? How do you keep data near where it’s actually used? For a growing number of organizations, the answer is to use the edge. In this episode of the New Stack Makers podcast, Sheraline Barthelmy, head of product,  marketing and customer success for Cox Edge, were joined by The Advantages and Challenges of Going ‘Edge Native’ Also available on Google Podcasts, PlayerFM, Spotify, TuneIn The edge is composed of servers that are physically located close to the customers who will use them — the “last Continue reading

Waiting Room: Random Queueing and Custom Web/Mobile Apps

Waiting Room: Random Queueing and Custom Web/Mobile Apps
Waiting Room: Random Queueing and Custom Web/Mobile Apps

Today, we are announcing the general availability of Cloudflare Waiting Room to customers on our Enterprise plans, making it easier than ever to protect your website against traffic spikes. We are also excited to present several new features that have user experience in mind — an alternative queueing method and support for custom web/mobile applications.

First-In-First-Out (FIFO) Queueing

Waiting Room: Random Queueing and Custom Web/Mobile Apps

Whether you’ve waited to check out at a supermarket or stood in line at a bank, you’ve undoubtedly experienced FIFO queueing. FIFO stands for First-In-First-Out, which simply means that people are seen in the order they arrive — i.e., those who arrive first are processed before those who arrive later.

When Waiting Room was introduced earlier this year, it was first deployed to protect COVID-19 vaccine distributors from overwhelming demand — a service we offer free of charge under Project Fair Shot. At the time, FIFO queueing was the natural option due to its wide acceptance in day-to-day life and accurate estimated wait times. One problem with FIFO is that users who arrive later could see long estimated wait times and decide to abandon the website.

We take customer feedback seriously and improve products based on it. A frequent request Continue reading

From the Desk of the CEO: Pluribus Raises $20M from Morgan Stanley Expansion Capital to Fuel Growth

To the Pluribus Networks community:

Today, Pluribus Networks announced a funding round of $20 million led by Morgan Stanley Expansion Capital. This is an extremely exciting time for our company and for the industry, and the capital raised during this round will enable Pluribus to increase R&D and add sales and marketing capacity to accelerate its growth in the distributed cloud market, as well as expand into adjacent segments. In the coming months, we’ll be announcing a number of new product and partner initiatives that reflect the market’s increasing need for cost-effective and highly-automated data center networking fabric solutions.

The timing around this funding news is truly ideal. Industry analysts are consistently forecasting an increase in market opportunities around data center switching as digital transformation continues to accelerate globally – Dell ’Oro Group expects the market to surpass $20 billion by 2025. Furthermore, research completed this year by Enterprise Management Associates shows that the majority of enterprises are increasing their number of data center sites and over 80% intend to deploy active-active data centers to support availability zones. In that same research enterprises identify their top two challenges as network operational complexity and network architecture complexity. Pluribus Networks’ Netvisor® Continue reading

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