The second demo1 I did during the Segment Routing workshop @ ITNOG10 illustrated how easy it is to set up and explore a small SR-MPLS network with netlab. The lab topology described a small three-router network (you need three routers to see “true” labels besides the penultimate-hop popping ones):
Berkendara di jalan menanjak dan turunan memerlukan teknik khusus agar tetap aman dan nyaman. Baik bagi pengendara motor maupun mobil, kondisi jalan seperti ini seringkali menantang konsentrasi dan keterampilan. Artikel ini akan membahas tips aman berkendara di jalan menanjak dan turunan yang wajib Anda ketahui untuk menghindari risiko kecelakaan dan menjaga keselamatan selama perjalanan.
Jalan menanjak dan turunan memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dari jalan datar. Pada tanjakan, mesin kendaraan bekerja lebih keras untuk mengatasi medan yang lebih berat. Sedangkan di turunan, kendaraan cenderung melaju lebih cepat karena gravitasi, sehingga rem bekerja lebih intensif.
Kesalahan kecil seperti salah menginjak pedal gas atau rem bisa berakibat fatal. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk memahami teknik berkendara yang benar agar tetap aman.
Sebelum berkendara di tanjakan yang curam, pastikan kondisi kendaraan Anda optimal, terutama:
Saat menghadapi jalan menanjak, gunakan gigi rendah agar tenaga mesin lebih besar. Hal ini membuat kendaraan tidak cepat kehilangan tenaga dan memudahkan pengendalian.
Lagu kebangsaan menjadi simbol persatuan dan identitas suatu bangsa. Bagi Indonesia, lagu Indonesia Raya bukan hanya sekadar lagu, tetapi juga merupakan representasi dari semangat dan cita-cita kemerdekaan. Artikel ini akan membahas sejarah lagu Indonesia Raya serta makna yang terkandung di dalamnya.
Lagu Indonesia Raya diciptakan oleh Wage Rudolf Supratman pada tahun 1928. Saat itu, Indonesia masih berada di bawah penjajahan Belanda, dan lagu ini mengobarkan semangat perjuangan kemerdekaan di kalangan pemuda dan rakyat Indonesia.
Lagu ini pertama kali diperdengarkan pada Kongres Pemuda II yang digelar pada 28 Oktober 1928, bertepatan dengan momen bersejarah Sumpah Pemuda. Lagu Indonesia Raya menjadi lambang persatuan bangsa yang beraneka ragam suku, budaya, dan bahasa. Melalui lagu ini, para pemuda menyuarakan tekad untuk bersatu dalam satu tanah air, satu bangsa, dan satu bahasa: Indonesia.
Setelah diciptakan, lagu Indonesia Raya menjadi alat mobilisasi yang kuat dalam memperjuangkan kemerdekaan. Lagu ini sering dinyanyikan dalam berbagai kesempatan rahasia untuk mengobarkan semangat nasionalisme.
Namun, karena dianggap berbahaya oleh pemerintah kolonial Belanda, lagu ini sempat dilarang untuk diperdengarkan secara luas. Walaupun demikian, lagu ini tetap hidup di hati para pejuang kemerdekaan hingga akhirnya Indonesia meraih kemerdekaan Continue reading
The biggest addition in v26.02 is a complete set of BGP diagnostics and visibility tools. These give network administrators new insights into routing behavior directly within NFA. The new BGP diagnostics panel introduces ping and traceroute checks, allowing engineers to run connectivity and path diagnostics without leaving the NFA interface. Additionally, a BGP Data Lookup feature enables direct queries against NFA’s internal BGP tables, supporting exact-match and more-specific match modes for precise prefix investigations. Finally, BGP History Lookup provides access to historical route events, including key attributes such as prefix, next-hop, AS path, and more. This makes it easier to trace routing changes over time and connect them with traffic events.
In part one, we covered the basics of pytest and wrote our first network tests. We tested BGP and OSPF on a single device, then extended it to multiple devices. We also looked at parametrization and how it helps treat each device and each neighbour as an independent test.
In this part, we will cover inventory management with Nornir and pytest fixtures.
Suresh Vinasiththamby
Nornir is a Python automation framework designed for network engineers. Instead of writing your own logic to connect to devices, manage inventory, and run tasks in parallel, Nornir handles all of that for you. We have a dedicated series on Nornir, which you can check out here, so we are not going to do a deep dive in this post.
The reason we are using Nornir here is for inventory and task management. Instead of hardcoding a list of IP addresses in our collection file, we define our devices in a hosts file with groups, credentials, and Continue reading
CUBIC, standardized in RFC 9438, is the default congestion controller in Linux, and as a result governs how most TCP and QUIC connections on the public Internet probe for available bandwidth, back off when they detect loss, and recover afterward. At Cloudflare, our open-source implementation of QUIC, quiche, uses CUBIC as its default congestion controller, meaning this code is in the critical path for a significant share of the traffic we serve.
In this post, we’ll tell the story of a bug in which CUBIC's congestion window (cwnd) gets permanently pinned at its minimum and never recovers from a congestion collapse event.
The story starts with a Linux kernel change aimed at bringing CUBIC into line with the app-limited exclusion described in RFC 9438 §4.2-12 — a fix to a real problem in TCP that, when ported to our QUIC implementation, surfaced unexpected behaviors in quiche. It has a happy ending: an elegant (near-)one-line fix that broke the cycle.
Before we dive into the core problem, a quick refresher on Congestion Control Algorithms (CCAs) may help to set the stage.
The central knob a CCA turns is the congestion window (cwnd Continue reading
Kyle Kingsbury published a long (10-part) article about his frustrations with AI, aptly named The Future of Everything is Lies, I Guess.
Regardless of where you are on the skeptic-to-fanboy spectrum, I would highly recommend you read it, even if you believe you’ll disagree with everything he wrote.
Modern AI and HPC workloads place extraordinary demands on the underlying network infrastructure. And as network engineers, we are often pulled into conversations about GPU clusters, maybe without a clear…
The post Understanding Scale-Out, Scale-Up, and Scale-Across Networking appeared first on JTnetwork.io.
I created nine sample SR-MPLS topologies for the ITNOG 10 SR-MPLS workshop, and of course, we ran out of time. I plan to cover those topologies and resulting printouts in a series of blog posts; to prepare for those, I cleaned up and reorganized the Segment Routing blog category, which is now split into two:
Hope you’ll find them useful! Also, if you know of other non-vendor Segment Routing resources, please leave a comment, email me, or submit a pull request.
I’ve previously pointed out that the AX.25 implementation in the kernel is pretty poor. It’s not really being maintained, and even when it gets fixes after I reported it, with people running LTS OSs it can take like 5 years before before the fix actually reaches users, if ever. So when writing applications, you still have to work around kernel bugs from a decade ago. This makes it kind of pointless to upstream patches.
The exception is security patches, and reading between the lines of why the AX.25 code is now being removed from the kernel, it sounds like maybe some LLM (like the looming “Mythos” and the related Glasswing) may have found some severe problems. But even if there aren’t any known security problems yet, having code is now more of a liability than ever. Code needs to be removed, or taken responsibility of. (tangent about ffmpeg at the bottom of this post)
With the kernel code removed, say goodbye to the old walkthrough.
Well, not “new”, per se, but “replacement”.
With the socket based API about to be gone, we need some other way for applications to send packets and Continue reading