Analysis of a Route Leak
The way we've organised the Internet's routing system seems to be just too informal, too anarchic and too unstable to form the foundation of the world’s communication system. Yet, here we are. And, surprisingly, it works! Well, it mostly works, most of the time. From time to time anomalous things happen. In this article I’d like to analyse just one of the instances when things didn’t go according to plan, showing how the routing anomaly was visible, and how it could be mitigated.AI for Network Engineers: Rail Desings in GPU Fabric
When building a scalable, resilient GPU network fabric, the design of the rail layer, the portion of the topology that interconnects GPU servers via Top-of-Rack (ToR) switches, plays a critical role. This section explores three different models: Multi-rail-per-switch, Dual-rail-per-switch, and Single-rail-per-switch. All three support dual-NIC-per-GPU designs, allowing each GPU to connect redundantly to two separate switches, thereby removing the Rail switch as a single point of failure.
Multi-Rail-per-Switch
In this model, multiple small subnets and VLANs are configured per switch, with each logical rail mapped to a subset of physical interfaces. For example, a single 48-port switch might host four or eight logical rails using distinct Layer 2 and Layer 3 domains. Because all logical rails share the same physical device, isolation is logical. As a result, a hardware or software failure in the switch can impact all rails and their associated GPUs, creating a large failure domain.
This model is not part of NVIDIA’s validated Scalable Unit (SU) architecture but may suit test environments, development clusters, or small-scale GPU fabrics where hardware cost efficiency is a higher priority than strict fault isolation. From a CapEx perspective, multi-rail-per-switch is the most economical, requiring fewer switches.
Figure 13-10 illustrates the Continue reading
From Python to Go 020. Concurrency and Parallelism Of Code Executions.
Hello my friend,
Today’s topic is critical to complete full picture of software development for network automation. Today’s topic is what allows you to conduct your tasks within meaningful time frame, especially when you have a lot of network devices, servers, virtual machines to manage. Today’s topic is concurrency of code execution in Python and Golang.
What Other Programming Languages Makes Sense To Study?
There are more than 100 programming languages out there. Some of them are quite universal and allow development of almost any kind of application. Others are more specific. Python is probably the most universal programming language, from what I’ve worked with or heard of. It can be used in infrastructure management at scale (e.g., OpenStack is written in Python), web applications, data science and many more. Golang is much more low-level compared to Python and, therefore, way more performant. Various benchmarks available online suggests that the same business tasks could be 3-30 times quicker in Golang compared to Python; therefore Golang is suitable for system programing (e.g, Kubernetes and Docker are created in Go). That’s what we cover in our blogs. Apart from them there are a lot of other: C/C++ if you Continue reading
HN779: Do We Really Need the Modern Networking Stack?
On today’s Heavy Networking, a roundtable panel considers whether a modern network needs to be built around underlays and overlays. This isn’t just Ethan yelling at clouds. This is a legitimate question pondering the real-world value of an overlay/underlay approach. Is overlay everywhere overkill, or is that the architecture we need to deliver a safe,... Read more »TNO027: Seeing the Internet With Doug Madory
Doug Madory has been called “The Man Who Can See the Internet.” Doug has developed a reputation for identifying significant developments in the global layout of the internet. He joins us today to discuss his role in analyzing internet data to identify trends and insights. He shares his journey from a data QA position to... Read more »IPB174: How Enterprise IPv6 Requirements Are Shaping Microsoft Windows
Today we talk with Tommy Jensen, a Senior Technical PM Strategist at Microsoft, about IPv6 support in Windows. Tommy shares what he hears from enterprises that are moving toward IPv6-mostly, strategies for dealing with older applications and devices that expect IPv4, and how the customer conversations he’s having about IPv6 now are more engaged and... Read more »Hedge 268: Will AI take our jobs?
One of the “great fears” advancing AI unlocks is that most of our jobs can, and will, be replaced by various forms of AI. Join us on this episode of the Hedge as Jonathan Mast at White Beard Strategies, Tom Ammon, and Russ White discuss whether we are likely to see a net loss, gain, or wash in jobs as companies deploy LLMS, and other potential up- and down-sides.
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N4N024: DNS Security, Record Types, and Reverse DNS
This week we continue with DNS. In our last episode we covered the basics; today we expand our scope to cover topics such as security for DNS, reverse DNS, and DNS record types. For dessert this week, a serving of Raspberry Pi and Happy Eyeballs. Episode Links: DNS: Turning Names into Numbers – N Is... Read more »Thirteen new MCP servers from Cloudflare you can use today
You can now connect to Cloudflare's first publicly available remote Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers from Claude.ai (now supporting remote MCP connections!) and other MCP clients like Cursor, Windsurf, or our own AI Playground. Unlock Cloudflare tools, resources, and real time information through our new suite of MCP servers including:
| Server | Description |
|---|---|
| Cloudflare Documentation server | Get up to date reference information from Cloudflare Developer Documentation |
| Workers Bindings server | Build Workers applications with storage, AI, and compute primitives |
| Workers Observability server | Debug and get insight into your Workers application’s logs and analytics |
| Container server | Spin up a sandbox development environment |
| Browser rendering server | Fetch web pages, convert them to markdown and take screenshots |
| Radar server | Get global Internet traffic insights, trends, URL scans, and other utilities |
| Logpush server | Get quick summaries for Logpush job health |
| AI Gateway server | Search your logs, get details about the prompts and responses |
| AutoRAG server | List and search documents on your AutoRAGs |
| Audit Logs server | Query audit logs and generate reports for review |
| DNS Analytics server | Optimize DNS performance and debug issues based on current set up |
| Digital Experience Monitoring server | Get quick insight on critical applications for your organization |
| Cloudflare One CASB Continue reading |
MCP Demo Day: How 10 leading AI companies built MCP servers on Cloudflare
Today, we're excited to collaborate with Anthropic, Asana, Atlassian, Block, Intercom, Linear, PayPal, Sentry, Stripe, and Webflow to bring a whole new set of remote MCP servers, all built on Cloudflare, to enable Claude users to manage projects, generate invoices, query databases, and even deploy full stack applications — without ever leaving the chat interface.
Since Anthropic’s introduction of the Model Context Protocol (MCP) in November, there’s been more and more excitement about it, and it seems like a new MCP server is being released nearly every day. And for good reason! MCP has been the missing piece to make AI agents a reality, and helped define how AI agents interact with tools to take actions and get additional context.
But to date, end-users have had to install MCP servers on their local machine to use them. Today, with Anthropic’s announcement of Integrations, you can access an MCP server the same way you would a website: type a URL and go.
At Cloudflare, we’ve been focused on building out the tooling that simplifies the development of remote MCP servers, so that our customers’ engineering teams can focus their time on building out the MCP tools for their Continue reading
D2DO271: Public Vs. Private Cloud In 2025
The shine has been coming off public cloud for awhile. Cloud costs remain high, complexity is growing, and public cloud interoperability is difficult. And while there’s talk about moving back to private cloud, that migration presents its own costs and complexities. To help us navigate the challenge that is cloud in 2025, we welcome Mark... Read more »Bringing streamable HTTP transport and Python language support to MCP servers
We’re continuing to make it easier for developers to bring their services into the AI ecosystem with the Model Context Protocol (MCP). Today, we’re announcing two new capabilities:
Streamable HTTP Transport: The Agents SDK now supports the new Streamable HTTP transport, allowing you to future-proof your MCP server. Our implementation allows your MCP server to simultaneously handle both the new Streamable HTTP transport and the existing SSE transport, maintaining backward compatibility with all remote MCP clients.
Deploy MCP servers written in Python: In 2024, we introduced first-class Python language support in Cloudflare Workers, and now you can build MCP servers on Cloudflare that are entirely written in Python.
Click “Deploy to Cloudflare” to get started with a remote MCP server that supports the new Streamable HTTP transport method, with backwards compatibility with the SSE transport.
The MCP spec was updated on March 26 to introduce a new transport mechanism for remote MCP, called Streamable HTTP. The new transport simplifies how AI agents can interact with services by using a single HTTP endpoint for sending and receiving responses between the client and the Continue reading
OSPF Summary LSA Loop Prevention
A networking-focused entity known only as humblegrumble sent me the following question after reading my When OSPF Becomes a Distance Vector Protocol article:
How do A1 and A2 know not to advertise a Type-3 summary LSA generated from area 1 prefixes back into area 1?
He’s right. There is no “originating area” information in the type-3 LSA, so how does an ABR know not to reinsert the type-3 LSA generated by another ABR back into the area?
TL&DR: The OSPF route selection process takes care of that.
PP060: Subsea Cables and the Watery Risks to Critical Infrastructure
Submarine cables are a hidden wonder. These fiber optic bundles carry data and voice traffic around the world and serve as critical global links for communication and commerce. Today on Packet Protector, guest Andy Champagne dives into the history of submarine cables, the technological and operational advancements that allow voice and data to travel hundreds... Read more »HS102: IT’s Role In AI (Sponsored)
AI can impact an enterprise in several ways: making individuals more productive, making products and services more effective, and making it easier for customers and partners to do business. IT plays a critical role in enabling AI to have these impacts. On today’s sponsored Heavy Strategy, Cisco CIO Fletcher Previn explains how to locate AI use... Read more »
HW051: How Wi-Fi Devices Handle Roaming On 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz Bands
Today on Heavy Wireless we welcome Jerry Olla to give us details from his talk “Roaming Wars: How Wi-Fi Devices Handle 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz”. Jerry tested the roaming behavior of popular Wi-Fi clients across 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz. He explains his testing protocol and results, and answers questions such as whether tri-band... Read more »Jevons Paradox and Internet Centrality
William Stanley Jevons was one of the founders of neoclassical economics in the mid-nineteenth century. In the aftermath of the great railway mania of the mid 19th century he observed that the total consumption of coal had actually increased when technological progress improved the efficiency of steam engines. Jevons Paradox observes that that improvements in efficiency of resource utilisation can act as a positive incentive to increased resource consumption, exceeding the reductions that would be anticipated due to this greater efficiency. How does this relate to the Internet and the current issues relating to Internet Centrality?Breaking APIs or Data Models Is a Cardinal Sin
Imagine you decide to believe the marketing story of your preferred networking vendor and start using the REST API to configure their devices. That probably involves some investment in automation or orchestration tools, as nobody in their right mind wants to use curl or Postman to configure network devices.
A few months later, after your toolchain has been thoroughly tested, you decide to upgrade the operating system on the network devices, and everything breaks. The root cause: the vendor changed their API or the data model between software releases.