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Category Archives for "Networking"

PP116: News Roundup—FortiBleed Reveals Password Cracking Is Alive and Kicking, Accenture Goes All-In on OT, and More

Looks like it’s going to be a long, hot cybersec summer. The latest news roundup covers how Microsoft 365 Copilot got turned into a data exfiltration tool, why the FortiBleed attack is about much more than compromised firewalls, and how North Korea exploited a single npm maintainer account to poison more than a hundred software... Read more »

HS137: Did AI Turn “Everybody Codes” into “Nobody Codes”?

“Everybody codes” was an enterprise buzzword. In this era of AI vibe-coding and single-use coding, should everyone code? Should anyone code? John and Johna talk about enterprise strategies with respect to coding in the AI era, including what expertise to look for in employees. AdSpot Sponsor: Meter Meter delivers full-stack networking—wired, wireless, and cellular—to leading... Read more »

The Exonomics of SpaceX

The share price of SpaceX is some USD $164 per share, and if you multiply that price by the total number of shares in the company you get a market capitalisation of USD $2.163 trillion. The current estimate of the world's population is 8.264 billion people, so the share price of SpaceX is currently at a phenomenal USD $261 per head. Is this a rational valuation of SpaceX? Or do we have a classic bubble on our hands?

Worth Reading 062926


It’s no longer just about your IP address or the specific endpoint you think you’re connecting to, it’s about your location and which intermediary services can most effectively handle your request.

 


Earlier this month, a German court ruled that Google is liable for its AI search summaries. Rejecting defenses like “users can check for themselves,” and that they generally know “that information generated with AI should not be blindly trusted,” the court held that the AI’s summaries are reflections of the company and “above all an expression of Google’s business activities.”

 


The distribution of Content Delivery Networks (CDN), cloud and content provider capacity across Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) provides a fascinating lens into the physical infrastructure of the Internet and public peering.

 


The memory market – by which we mean dynamic main memory as well as flash persistent memory – has been utterly and perhaps forever changed by the GenAI boom.

 


These days you could be excused by suspecting that the world has gone AI-mad, and if you were at the NANOG meeting your suspicions would’ve only been confirmed!

Cara Mengatasi Layanan Konsumen Situs Slot yang Lambat Merespon

Dalam era digital yang semakin maju saat ini, keberadaan layanan konsumen (CS) menjadi aspek vital terutama bagi bisnis online, termasuk pada situs slot yang semakin diminati oleh masyarakat. Layanan konsumen yang responsif menjadi kunci utama dalam menjaga loyalitas pengguna dan membangun reputasi positif. Namun, tidak jarang pengguna mengalami kendala ketika CS lambat merespon, sehingga menimbulkan kekecewaan dan ketidaknyamanan. Artikel ini akan mengulas secara mendalam langkah-langkah terbaik yang dapat dilakukan ketika Anda menghadapi situasi layanan konsumen yang lambat merespon, khususnya dalam konteks situs slot.

Mengapa Layanan Konsumen Lambat Merespon Terjadi pada Situs Slot?

Lambatnya respons layanan konsumen pada situs slot dapat disebabkan oleh sejumlah faktor yang kerap terjadi pada periode terbaru. Pertama, tingginya volume pengguna yang menghubungi CS dalam waktu bersamaan dapat membebani sistem pelayanan. Situs slot populer saat ini seringkali mengalami lonjakan kunjungan dan transaksi sehingga beban kerja tim CS meningkat drastis.

Selain itu, beberapa situs slot masih mengandalkan sistem manual pada layanan pelanggan tanpa mengintegrasikan teknologi chatbot atau sistem otomatis yang dapat mempercepat respon awal. Kurangnya sumber daya manusia yang memadai juga menjadi faktor penyebab keterlambatan ini. Terakhir, masalah komunikasi internal atau teknis pada platform juga dapat memengaruhi kecepatan merespon pelanggan.

Dampak Layanan Konsumen Lambat Merespon pada Pengguna Situs Continue reading

Python Pre and Post-Change Validation

Python Pre and Post-Change Validation

If you have made a change on a network device, you have probably done the pre and post check dance at some point. You SSH into the device, run a few show commands, save the output somewhere, apply the change, then run the same commands again and compare the two by eye. It works, but it is slow and easy to get wrong. I have missed things this way, and I know most of you have too.

Once you get comfortable with Python, this is one of the first tasks you will want to automate. Instead of copy-pasting output into a text file and squinting at it, you can pull the data with a script, save it to a JSON file, and then run another script that tells you exactly what changed.

In this chapter, we will build a small pre and post check for BGP. I will show you how to grab BGP neighbor state from a device using NAPALM, save it to a JSON file as the pre snapshot, and then do the same again after the change to get the post snapshot. Once we have both, we will compare them with a library called deepdiff, which Continue reading

Ares del Maestrat Spanyol: Desa Pegunungan dan Wisata Sejarah Menarik

Terletak di puncak pegunungan yang menawan, Ares del Maestrat adalah sebuah desa pegunungan di Spanyol yang kaya akan sejarah dan budaya. Kota kecil ini menjadi destinasi menarik bagi para wisatawan yang ingin merasakan pesona alam sekaligus menyelami wisata sejarah yang mendalam. Dengan pemandangan alam yang memesona dan situs-situs bersejarah yang terawat baik, Ares del Maestrat menawarkan pengalaman unik bagi siapa saja yang mengunjunginya.

Lokasi dan Keindahan Alam Ares del Maestrat

Ares del Maestrat berlokasi di wilayah pegunungan Maestrazgo, sebuah kawasan yang dikenal dengan lanskap alamnya yang dramatis dan udara yang segar. Desa kecil ini memiliki ketinggian yang cukup tinggi sehingga memungkinkan pengunjung menikmati pemandangan panorama yang menakjubkan di sekelilingnya.

  • Pegunungan yang luas dan beragam flora.
  • Udara pegunungan yang segar dan menyejukkan.
  • Banyak jalur hiking dan trekking untuk petualangan alam.

Keindahan alam tersebut menjadikan Ares del Maestrat sebagai pilihan tepat bagi para pencinta alam dan aktivitas luar ruangan.

Jejak Peradaban Menawan di Ares del Maestrat

Selain keindahan alamnya, desa pegunungan ini terkenal dengan warisan sejarah yang kaya. Banyak bangunan dan situs peninggalan zaman dahulu yang masih berdiri kokoh, menjadi saksi bisu masa lalu yang gemilang. Wisata sejarah di Ares del Maestrat sangat cocok bagi mereka yang tertarik dengan arsitektur klasik dan Continue reading

Fenomena Kompetisi Automata Mekanis: Seni Kinetik dan Rekayasa Kreatif

Dalam era modern saat ini, perpaduan antara seni dan teknologi semakin menarik perhatian, salah satu contohnya adalah dalam fenomena kompetisi membuat automata mekanis. Automata mekanis merupakan karya seni kinetik yang tidak hanya mengandalkan keindahan visual, tetapi juga membutuhkan pemahaman mendalam tentang rekayasa kreatif untuk menciptakan gerakan yang kompleks dan mengagumkan. Artikel ini akan membahas bagaimana kompetisi inovasi di bidang automata mekanis menjadi wadah menyatukan seni dan teknologi secara harmonis.

Apa Itu Automata Mekanis?

Automata mekanis adalah sebuah objek atau figur yang dapat bergerak secara otomatis menggunakan mekanisme mesin. Biasanya, automata ini terbuat dari berbagai material seperti kayu, logam, atau plastik, dan dioperasikan melalui roda gigi, tuas, dan sistem penggerak mekanis lainnya.

Automata bukan hanya sekadar mainan mekanik; mereka merepresentasikan bentuk seni kinetik yang memukau. Gerakan yang dihasilkan automata bisa berupa animasi sederhana hingga rangkaian gerakan rumit yang menciptakan pengalaman visual dan emosional bagi penontonnya.

Seni Kinetik dan Rekayasa Kreatif dalam Automata Mekanis

Seni Kinetik: Lebih dari Sekadar Estetika

Seni kinetik berfokus pada gerak atau dinamika sebagai bagian esensial dari karya seni. Dalam automata mekanis, seni kinetik tercermin lewat kemampuan objek untuk bergerak dan bertransformasi, sehingga penggerakannya menjadi unsur penting dalam estetika.

Gerakan automata membawa cerita visual yang hidup, mengundang interaksi Continue reading

Notes from NANOG 97

These days you could be excused by suspecting that the world has gone AI-mad, and if you were at the NANOG 97 meeting your suspicions would've only been confirmed! The topics discussed the design of the data centres used to generate the large language models that underpin today's AI tools and the application of AI tools in network operations.

Python Working with Structured Data Files

Python Working with Structured Data Files

In the previous sections, we looked at reading and writing plain text files. That was a good starting point, and plain text is still the right choice for things like config backups or log files. But most of the data you deal with in network automation is not plain text, it has structure. A list of devices with their IPs, usernames, and roles. A dictionary of device facts. A nested set of configuration values with groups and per-device overrides.

When your data has structure, you need a format that can represent that structure in a way both humans and computers can understand. This is where structured data files can help. The three main formats you will run into as a network engineer are CSV, JSON, and YAML.

CSV Files

CSV stands for Comma-Separated Values. A CSV file is just a plain text file where each line is a row, and each value in the row is separated by a comma. The first row usually contains column headers.

Here is what a CSV file looks like, saved as devices.csv.

hostname,ip,vendor,role
r1,192.168.202.101,cisco,edge
r2,192.168.202.102,juniper,core
r3,192.168.202.103,arista,edge

If you have ever exported data Continue reading

AI Isn’t a Genie, It’s an Intern

Tell me if you’ve heard this one before. We build a super intelligent system and give it a specific goal like maximizing paperclip production. The system decides to do the job as well as possible by converting all available matter into paperclips. Everything. The Earth. The solar system. All of it. After the universe collapses the machine shuts down, content that it followed directions.

This is the malicious genie problem that every Dungeons & Dragons player knows. You find a lamp. You make a wish. The genie grants the wish in the most technical way possible and it leads to catastrophe. The lesson we are supposed to learn is that a sufficiently capable AI system will find ways to satisfy objectives to the letter while simultaneously not doing it the way you wanted. The foundation of AI safety is to prevent that from happening.

Nick Bostrom has covered this in Superintelligence. Eliezer Yudkowsky has argued this very thing for years. It’s a compelling story. But it has a hidden assumption that causes more confusion that it solves.

The Best Intentions

The genie tale is a story about intent. The genie knows exactly what you asked for. It just found the Continue reading

Time for Another Summer Break?

I can confirm that an old saying is true: the older you are, the faster years pass. Can’t believe it’s time for another summer break. I hope you’ll manage to get away from work, turn off the Internet, and enjoy a few days in your favorite spot with your loved ones!

I also promise I won’t be annoying you with boring stuff like EVPN next hops or pointers to AI myth-busters (I have to admit it: I was cleaning my Inbox this week). However, I probably won’t be able to resist publishing a few lightweight netlab-related blog posts, or links to interesting content.

Read more …

Python Working With NAPALM

Python Working With NAPALM

At the end of the last part, we looked at the multi-vendor problem. Every time you support a new vendor with Netmiko, you have to remember its command syntax, keep track of the differences, and add more branching logic to your scripts. It works, but it gets messy fast.

NAPALM (Network Automation and Programmability Abstraction Layer with Multivendor support) is a Python library that solves exactly this problem. Instead of sending vendor-specific commands and dealing with the differences yourself, you use NAPALM's standard set of methods, and NAPALM figures out what to do for each platform behind the scenes. Ask NAPALM to get_config(), and it will send the right command to a Cisco IOS device, the right command to a Juniper device, and the right command to an Arista device, all through the same Python method call.

NAPALM currently supports Cisco IOS, Cisco IOS-XR, Cisco NX-OS, Arista EOS, Juniper Junos, and a few others. It is not as broad as Netmiko in terms of vendor coverage, but for the vendors it does support, the abstraction it provides is well worth it.

There is one more thing worth understanding upfront. NAPALM is not a replacement for Netmiko, it actually uses Continue reading

N4N059: Twisted Pair Cabling

Copper twisted pair cabling serves as a fundamental component of Ethernet infrastructure and Ethan and Holly are here to break down how it works. They discuss the technical differences between cabling categories, how wire twisting cancels out electromagnetic interference, and share practical guidance on installation standards and testing methodologies. Episode Links: Watch this episode on... Read more »

IPB203: The Death of NAT

Network Address Translation (NAT), a foundational element of IPv4, faces critical reassessment as IPv6 deployment shifts the landscape. Ed and Tom evaluate the evolving role of NAT, questioning whether traditional translation models remain necessary when stateful packet inspection offers more robust, transparent security solutions. Episode Links: “Fanboy” series – IPv6 and NATs – YouTube

How we built saga rollbacks for Cloudflare Workflows

Cloudflare Workflows allows you to build durable, multi-step applications with built-in retries and state persistence across long-running processes. When a Workflow executes, each step can call external systems, retry failures, and persist state across restarts. But if one step fails, it may leave earlier work from completed steps in an inconsistent or partial state.

Today we’re shipping saga rollbacks for Workflows, allowing you to declare rollback logic within the step itself, in case of failure.

For example, consider a workflow for transferring funds between accounts at two different banks:

  1. Debit from account at Bank A

  2. Credit to account at Bank B

  3. Send email confirmation to both account owners

What happens if Step 2, the credit to account at Bank B, fails? Once the debit succeeds at Bank A, the transaction is committed and the money has left its system. As the orchestrator of the transaction, you cannot simply “undo” the operation in Bank A's system. Instead, the money must be credited back to the account at Bank A through a new operation that semantically reverses the first one.

This pairing of an operation and its compensation logic is called the saga pattern.

Before today, developers had to implement their own Continue reading

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