Launching the x402 Foundation with Coinbase, and support for x402 transactions

Cloudflare is partnering with Coinbase to create the x402 Foundation. This foundation’s mission will be to encourage the adoption of the x402 protocol, an updated framework that allows clients and services to exchange value on the web using a common language. In addition to today’s partnership, we are shipping a set of features to allow developers to use x402 in the Agents SDK and our MCP integrations, as well as proposing a new deferred payment scheme.

Payments on the web have historically been designed for humans. We browse a merchant’s website, show intent by adding items to a cart, and confirm our intent to purchase by inputting our credit card information and clicking “Pay.” But what if you want to enable direct transactions between digital services? We need protocols to allow machine-to-machine transactions. 

Every day, sites on Cloudflare send out over a billion HTTP 402 response codes to bots and crawlers trying to access their content and e-commerce stores. This response code comes with a simple message: “Payment Required.”

Yet these 402 responses too often go unheard. One reason is a lack of standardization. Without a specification for how to Continue reading

Helping protect journalists and local news from AI crawlers with Project Galileo

We are excited to announce that Project Galileo will now include access to Cloudflare's Bot Management and AI Crawl Control services. Participants in the program, which include roughly 750 journalists, independent news organizations, and other non-profits supporting news-gathering around the world, will now have the ability to protect their websites from AI crawlers—for free. 

Project Galileo is Cloudflare's free program to help protect important civic voices online. Launched in 2014, it now includes more than 3,000 organizations in 125 countries, and it has served as the foundation for other free Cloudflare programs that help protect democratic elections, public schools, public health clinics, and other critical infrastructure.  

Although we think all Project Galileo participants will benefit from these additional free services, we believe they are essential for news organizations. 

News organizations, particularly local news, are facing significant challenges in transitioning to the AI-driven web. As people increasingly turn to AI models for information, less of their web traffic is making it to the actual website where that information originated. Industries, like news organizations, that rely on user traffic to generate revenue are increasingly at-risk. 

Allowing news organizations to monitor and control how AI Continue reading

SwiNOG 40: Deploying Precision Time Protocol across WAN

Is it possible to deploy Precision Time Protocol across a country-wide WAN network and reach nanosecond-level synchronization between cities? It’s definitely not trivial and only works over dedicated infrastructure; for more details, watch the PTP in WANs (video) presentation Oliver Ettlin had at SwiNOG 40.

NB544: NVIDIA Buys $5 Billion of Intel Stock; Netskope Rides SASE IPO to an $8.8 Billion Valuation

Help build the future: announcing Cloudflare’s goal to hire 1,111 interns in 2026

At Cloudflare, our mission is to help build a better Internet. That mission is ambitious, long-term, and requires constant innovation. But building for the future isn’t just about the technology we create — it’s also about investing in the people who will create it. That’s why today, we are incredibly excited to announce our most ambitious intern program yet: Cloudflare aims to hire as many as 1,111 interns over the course of 2026. This effort to grow our number of interns next year will happen in hub locations around the world. 

We view internships as a vital pipeline for talent and a source of new energy and ideas. The number of our intern goal, a nod to our 1.1.1.1 public DNS resolver, is intentional. It represents our deep technical roots and our focus on building foundational infrastructure for the Internet. Now, we stand at the cusp of a new technological revolution: the age of AI.

To win in this new era, we can’t just rely on established methods. We need new ways of thinking, unconstrained by the "way things have always been done." That’s why this significantly increased class Continue reading

Introducing free access to Cloudflare developer features for students

I can recall countless late nights as a student spent building out ideas that felt like breakthroughs. My own thesis had significant costs associated with the tools and computational resources I needed. The reality for students is that turning ideas into working applications often requires production-grade tools, and having to pay for them can stop a great project before it even starts. We don’t think that cost should stand in the way of building out your ideas.

Cloudflare’s Developer Platform already makes it easy for anyone to go from idea to launch. It gives you all the tools you need in one place to work on that class project, build out your portfolio, and create full-stack applications. We want students to be able to use these tools without worrying about the cost, so starting today, students at least 18 years old in the United States with a verified .edu email can receive 12 months of free access to Cloudflare’s developer features. This is the first step for Cloudflare for Students, and we plan to continue expanding our support for the next generation of builders.

Eligible Continue reading

A Lookback at Workers Launchpad and a Warm Welcome to Cohort #6

Imagine you have an idea for an AI application that you’re really excited about — but the cost of GPU time and complex infrastructure stops you in your tracks before you even write a line of code. This is the problem founders everywhere face: balancing high infrastructure costs with the need to innovate and scale quickly.

Our startup programs remove those barriers, so founders can focus on what matters the most: building products, finding customers, and growing a business. Cloudflare for Startups launched in 2018 to provide enterprise-level application security and performance services to growing startups. As we built out our Developer Platform, we pivoted last year to offer founders up to $250,000 in cloud credits to build on our Developer Platform for up to one year.

During Birthday Week 2022, we announced our Cloudflare Workers Launchpad Program with an initial $1.25 billion in potential funding for startups building on Cloudflare Workers, made possible through partnerships with 26 leading venture capital (VC) firms. Within months, we expanded VC-backed funding to $2 billion.

Since 2022, we’ve welcomed 145 startups from 23 countries. These startups are solving problems across verticals such as AI and machine learning, developer tools, 3D design, cloud Continue reading

Supporting the future of the open web: Cloudflare is sponsoring Ladybird and Omarchy

At Cloudflare, we believe that helping build a better Internet means encouraging a healthy ecosystem of options for how people can connect safely and quickly to the resources they need. Sometimes that means we tackle immense, Internet-scale problems with established partners. And sometimes that means we support and partner with fantastic open teams taking big bets on the next generation of tools.

To that end, today we are excited to announce our support of two independent, open source projects: Ladybird, an ambitious project to build a completely independent browser from the ground up, and Omarchy, an opinionated Arch Linux setup for developers. 

Cloudflare has a long history of supporting open-source software – both through our own projects shared with the community and external projects that we support. We see our sponsorship of Ladybird and Omarchy as a natural extension of these efforts in a moment where energy for a diverse ecosystem is needed more than ever.  

Most of us spend a significant amount of time using a web browser –  in fact, you’re probably using one to read this blog! The beauty Continue reading

Come build with us: Cloudflare’s new hubs for startups

Cloudflare’s offices bring together builders in some of the world’s most popular technology hubs. We have a long history of using those spaces for one-off events and meet ups over the last fifteen years, but we want to do more. Starting in 2026, we plan to open the doors of our offices routinely to startups and builders from outside of our team who need the space to collaborate, meet new people, or just type away at a keyboard in a new (and beautiful) location.

Prior to 2020, we expected essentially every team member of Cloudflare to be present in one of our offices five days a week. That worked well for us and helped facilitate the launch of dozens of technologies as well as a community and culture that defined who we are.

Like every other team on the planet, the COVID pandemic forced us to revisit that approach. We used the time to think about what our offices could be, in a world where not every team member showed up every day of the week. While we decided we would be open to remote and hybrid work, we still felt like some Continue reading

Free access to Cloudflare developer services for non-profit and civil society organizations

We are excited to announce that non-profit, civil society, and public interest organizations are now eligible to join Cloudflare for Startups. Under this new program, participating organizations will be eligible to receive up to $250,000 in Cloudflare credits — these can be used for a variety of our developer and core products, including databases & storage, compute services, AI, media, and performance and security.

Non-profit organizations and startups have a lot in common. In addition to being powered by small groups of dedicated, resilient, and creative people, they are constantly navigating funding shortages, staffing challenges, and insufficient tools. Most importantly, both are unrelenting in their efforts to do more with less; maximizing the impact of every dollar spent and hour invested.

Cloudflare's developer services and our startup programs were designed for exactly these challenges. Our goal is to make it easier for anyone to write code, build applications, and launch new ideas anywhere in the world. Put another way, we want to help small teams have a global impact.

All are welcome to apply. The application period for this new program will open today and runs until December 1. After the closing of the application period, Cloudflare will review the Continue reading

Cap’n Web: a new RPC system for browsers and web servers

Allow us to introduce Cap'n Web, an RPC protocol and implementation in pure TypeScript.

Cap'n Web is a spiritual sibling to Cap'n Proto, an RPC protocol I (Kenton) created a decade ago, but designed to play nice in the web stack. That means:

• Like Cap'n Proto, it is an object-capability protocol. ("Cap'n" is short for "capabilities and".) We'll get into this more below, but it's incredibly powerful.

• Unlike Cap'n Proto, Cap'n Web has no schemas. In fact, it has almost no boilerplate whatsoever. This means it works more like the JavaScript-native RPC system in Cloudflare Workers.

• That said, it integrates nicely with TypeScript.

• Also unlike Cap'n Proto, Cap'n Web's underlying serialization is human-readable. In fact, it's just JSON, with a little pre-/post-processing.

• It works over HTTP, WebSocket, and postMessage() out-of-the-box, with the ability to extend it to other transports easily.

• It works in all major browsers, Cloudflare Workers, Node.js, and other modern JavaScript runtimes.

• The whole thing compresses (minify+gzip) to under 10 kB with no dependencies.

• It's open source under the MIT license.

Cap'n Web is more expressive than almost every other RPC system, because it implements an object-capability RPC model. That means it:

• Supports bidirectional calling. Continue reading

EVPN/VxLAN Interop – IPv4/IPv6 – MikroTik & IP Infusion

Working with MikroTik and IP Infusion’s OcNOS to interop EVPN/VxLAN has been on my wish list for a long time. Both solutions are a great cost-effective alternative to mainstream vendors – both separately and together – for WISP/FISP/DC & Enterprise networks.

BGP EVPN and VxLAN

One of the more interesting trends to come out for the 2010s in network engineering was the rise of overlays in data center and enterprise networking. While carriers have been using MPLS and the various overlays available for that type of data plane since the early 2000s, enterprises and data centers tended to steer away from MPLS due to cost and complexity.

BGP EVPN – BGP Ethernet VPN or EVPN was originally designed for an MPLS data plane in RFC7432 and later modified to work with a VxLAN data plane in RFC8365.

It solves the following problems:

• Provides a control plane for VxLAN overlays
• Supports L2/L3 multitenancy via exchange of MAC addresses & IPv4/IPv6 routing inside of VRFs
• Multihoming at the Network Virtualization Edge (NVE)
• Multicast traffic in VxLAN overlays

VxLAN – VxLAN was developed in the early 2010s as an open-source alternative to Cisco’s OTV and released as RFC7348

Problems VxLAN solves:

• Scales beyond Continue reading

Akvorado release 2.0

Akvorado 2.0 was released today! Akvorado collects network flows with IPFIX and sFlow. It enriches flows and stores them in a ClickHouse database. Users can browse the data through a web console. This release introduces an important architectural change and other smaller improvements. Let’s dive in! 🤿

$ git diff --shortstat v1.11.5
 493 files changed, 25015 insertions(+), 21135 deletions(-)

New “outlet” service

The major change in Akvorado 2.0 is splitting the inlet service into two parts: the inlet and the outlet. Previously, the inlet handled all flow processing: receiving, decoding, and enrichment. Flows were then sent to Kafka for storage in ClickHouse:

Network flows reach the inlet service using UDP, an unreliable protocol. The inlet must process them fast enough to avoid losing packets. To handle a high number of flows, the inlet spawns several sets of workers to receive flows, fetch metadata, and assemble enriched flows for Kafka. Many configuration options existed for scaling, which increased complexity for users. The code needed to avoid blocking at any cost, making the processing pipeline complex and sometimes unreliable, particularly the BMP receiver.¹ Adding new features became difficult Continue reading

Changing Colors and Line Styles in netlab Graphs

Last week, I explained how to generate network topology graphs (using GraphViz or D2 graphing engines) from a netlab lab topology. Let’s see how we can make them look nicer (or at least more informative). We’ll work with a simple leaf-and-spine topology with four nodes¹:

defaults.device: frr
provider: clab

nodes: [ s1, s2, l1, l2 ]
links: [ s1-l1, s1-l2, s2-l1, s2-l2 ]

This is the graph generated by netlab create followed by dot graph.dot -T png -o graph.png:

Cloudflare’s 2025 Annual Founders’ Letter

Cloudflare launched 15 years ago this week. We like to celebrate our birthday by announcing new products and features that give back to the Internet, which we’ll do a lot of this week. But, on this occasion, we've also been thinking about what's changed on the Internet over the last 15 years and what has not.

With some things there's been clear progress: when we launched in 2010 less than 10 percent of the Internet was encrypted, today well over 95 percent is encrypted. We're proud of the role we played in making that happen.

Some other areas have seen limited progress: IPv6 adoption has grown steadily but painfully slowly over the last 15 years, in spite of our efforts. That's a problem because as IPv4 addresses have become scarce and expensive it’s held back new entrants and driven up the costs of things like networking and cloud computing.

Still other things have remained remarkably consistent: the basic business model of the Internet has for the last 15 years been the same — create compelling content, find a way to be discovered, and then generate value from the resulting traffic. Whether that was through ads or Continue reading

🖥️ Running Local LLMs: Experiments and Insights

Getting Started With Infrahub MCP Server

In this post, we’ll be looking at how to use the Infrahub MCP server. But, before we get there, we’ll go through some background on the Model Context Protocol (MCP) itself, show a simple example to explain how it works, and then connect it back to Infrahub. This will give us the basics before moving on to the Infrahub-specific setup. Here’s what we’ll cover:

• A quick background on what MCP is and why it’s needed
• A simple example of an MCP server to show how it works
• How to connect an MCP server to host applications like Claude Desktop and Cursor
• Setting up and using the Infrahub MCP server
• Example use cases where the Infrahub MCP server can help in real workflows

What is Model Context Protocol (MCP)?

If you're doing anything with AI (and honestly, who isn’t these days), you’ve probably heard of Model Context Protocol, or MCP. Anthropic introduced MCP in November 2024, which means it hasn’t been around for long and is still evolving quickly.

MCP is a communication Continue reading

Pleasant Surprise: Google AI Overview

When I was writing a blog post, I needed a link to the netlab lab topology documentation, so I searched for “netlab lab topology” (I know I’m lazy, but it felt quicker than navigating the sidebar menu).

The AI overview I got was way too verbose, but it nailed the Key Concepts and How It Works well enough that I could just use them in the netlab README.md file. Maybe this AI thing is becoming useful after all ;)

Worth Reading 091925

“Classic” TCP uses an extremely simple loss-based congestion detection algorithm that is intended to save networks from collapsing under extreme overload.

The endgame is a society where corporate algorithms make decisions about employment, education, and social interaction with no accountability.

The rise of Agentic AI, the emergence and adoption of AI agents and agent-to-agent networking to autonomously perform tasks on behalf of humans, has introduced unique challenges for existing security products.

In the landscape of organizational management, a distinction exists between teams that (a.) efficiently deliver a high-quality service or product, and (b.) those that innovate and develop their thought leadership in an area of emerging technology.

Broadcom CEO Hock Tan delivered a rather defiant keynote to open the VMware Explore conference in Las Vegas recently, telling the audience they are better off using the latest version of VMware Cloud Foundation (VCF) on-premises than hyperscale cloud service providers.

The public is told that AI systems are super smart and have the world’s info at their electronic beck and call. At the same time, it is humans and human organizations who claim professional expertise and so deliver their “truth” via media and Internet.

While Eutelsat’s OneWeb operates the second-largest Continue reading

Hedge 281: Blockchain

What is the relationship between blockchain technologies and network engineering? Is blockchain “just another application,” or are there implications for naming, performance, and connectivity? Austin Federa joins Tom and Russ to discuss the intersection of blockchain and networks.
 

 
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