Choice: the path to AI sovereignty

Every government is laser-focused on the potential for national transformation by AI. Many view AI as an unparalleled opportunity to solve complex national challenges, drive economic growth, and improve the lives of their citizens. Others are concerned about the risks AI can bring to its society and economy. Some sit somewhere between these two perspectives. But as plans are drawn up by governments around the world to address the question of AI development and adoption, all are grappling with the critical question of sovereignty — how much of this technology, mostly centered in the United States and China, needs to be in their direct control? 

Each nation has their own response to that question — some seek ‘self-sufficiency’ and total authority. Others, particularly those that do not have the capacity to build the full AI technology stack, are approaching it layer-by-layer, seeking to build on the capacities their country does have and then forming strategic partnerships to fill the gaps. 

We believe AI sovereignty at its core is about choice. Each nation should have the ability to select the right tools for the task, to control its own data, and to deploy applications at will, all without being Continue reading

Announcing the Cloudflare Data Platform: ingest, store, and query your data directly on Cloudflare

For Developer Week in April 2025, we announced the public beta of R2 Data Catalog, a fully managed Apache Iceberg catalog on top of Cloudflare R2 object storage. Today, we are building on that foundation with three launches:

  • Cloudflare Pipelines receives events sent via Workers or HTTP, transforms them with SQL, and ingests them into Iceberg or as files on R2

  • R2 Data Catalog manages the Iceberg metadata and now performs ongoing maintenance, including compaction, to improve query performance

  • R2 SQL is our in-house distributed SQL engine, designed to perform petabyte-scale queries over your data in R2

Together, these products make up the Cloudflare Data Platform, a complete solution for ingesting, storing, and querying analytical data tables.

Like all Cloudflare Developer Platform products, they run on our global compute infrastructure. They’re built around open standards and interoperability. That means that you can bring your own Iceberg query engine — whether that's PyIceberg, DuckDB, or Spark — connect with other platforms like Databricks and Snowflake — and pay no egress fees to access your data.

Analytical data is critical for modern companies. It allows you to understand your user’s behavior, your company’s performance, and alerts you to issues. Continue reading

Announcing Cloudflare Email Service’s private beta

If you are building an application, you rely on email to communicate with your users. You validate their signup, notify them about events, and send them invoices through email. The service continues to find new purpose with agentic workflows and other AI-powered tools that rely on a simple email as an input or output.

And it is a pain for developers to manage. It’s frequently the most annoying burden for most teams. Developers deserve a solution that is simple, reliable, and deeply integrated into their workflow. 

Today, we're excited to announce just that: the private beta of Email Sending, a new capability that allows you to send transactional emails directly from Cloudflare Workers. Email Sending joins and expands our popular Email Routing product, and together they form the new Cloudflare Email Service — a single, unified developer experience for all your email needs.

With Cloudflare Email Service, we’re distilling our years of experience securing and routing emails, and combining it with the power of the developer platform. Now, sending an email is as easy as adding a binding to a Worker and calling send:

export default {
  async fetch(request, env, ctx) {

    await env.SEND_EMAIL.send({
      to: [{  Continue reading

N4N039: Configuring an IPsec Tunnel

We dive back into the world of IPsec with an episode dedicated to configuring IPsec tunnels. After discussing a listener comment regarding transport mode in IPsec tunnels, Ethan Banks and Holly Metlitzky work through topics such as multi-vendor IPsec configuration, licensing, and the details of configuration and routing. Bonus material: MTU size and NAT-T. Episode... Read more »

A year of improving Node.js compatibility in Cloudflare Workers

We've been busy.

Compatibility with the broad JavaScript developer ecosystem has always been a key strategic investment for us. We believe in open standards and an open web. We want you to see Workers as a powerful extension of your development platform with the ability to just drop code in that Just Works. To deliver on this goal, the Cloudflare Workers team has spent the past year significantly expanding compatibility with the Node.js ecosystem, enabling hundreds (if not thousands) of popular npm modules to now work seamlessly, including the ever popular express framework.

We have implemented a substantial subset of the Node.js standard library, focusing on the most commonly used, and asked for, APIs. These include:

Each of these has been carefully implemented to approximate Node.js' behavior as closely as possible where feasible. Where matching Node.js' behavior is not possible, our implementations will throw a clear error Continue reading

Kubernetes Observability: Your Q&A Guide to Calico Whisker

How To Deploy a Full-Stack, Containerized Network Infrastructure Visualizer

Your network, be it home or business, is probably quite busy and crowded with devices. On my small home LAN, most Wireshark to see what packets are coming and going so I can ensure nothing nefarious is going on. But as far as network visualizers, I’d yet to come across one that is easy enough to use that it didn’t require an entire morning or afternoon to deploy. When I came across Atlas GitHub page, the container stack is “built with Go, FastAPI, NGINX, and a custom React frontend, it provides automated scanning, storage, and rich dashboards for insight into your infrastructure.” Usually, when I read such a description, I immediately think, “Sounds great, but it also sounds like it’ll be a real pain to deploy.” To my great surprise, Atlas did not Continue reading

Automatically Secure: how we upgraded 6,000,000 domains by default to get ready for the Quantum Future

The Internet is in constant motion. Sites scale, traffic shifts, and attackers adapt. Security that worked yesterday may not be enough tomorrow. That’s why the technologies that protect the web — such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) and emerging post-quantum cryptography (PQC) — must also continue to evolve. We want to make sure that everyone benefits from this evolution automatically, so we enabled the strongest protections by default.

During Birthday Week 2024, we announced Automatic SSL/TLS: a service that scans origin server configurations of domains behind Cloudflare, and automatically upgrades them to the most secure encryption mode they support. In the past year, this system has quietly strengthened security for more than 6 million domains — ensuring Cloudflare can always connect to origin servers over the safest possible channel, without customers lifting a finger.

Now, a year after we started enabling Automatic SSL/TLS, we want to talk about these results, why they matter, and how we’re preparing for the next leap in Internet security.

The Basics: TLS protocol

Before diving in, let’s review the basics of Transport Layer Security (TLS). The protocol allows two strangers (like a client and server) to communicate securely.

Every secure web session Continue reading

A simpler path to a safer Internet: an update to our CSAM scanning tool

Launching a website or an online community brings people together to create and share. The operators of these platforms, sadly, also have to navigate what happens when bad actors attempt to misuse those destinations to spread the most heinous content like child sexual abuse material (CSAM).

We are committed to helping anyone on the Internet protect their platform from this kind of misuse. We first launched a CSAM Scanning Tool several years ago to give any website on the Internet the ability to programmatically scan content uploaded to their platform for instances of CSAM in partnership with National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), Interpol, and dozens of other organizations committed to protecting children. That release took technology that was only available to the largest social media platforms and provided it to any website.

However, the tool we offered still required setup work that added friction to its adoption. To help our customers file reports to NCMEC, they needed to create their own credentials. That step of creating credentials and sharing them was too confusing or too much work for small site owners. We did our best helping them with secondary reports, but we needed a method that made Continue reading

To build a better Internet in the age of AI, we need responsible AI bot principles. Here’s our proposal.

Cloudflare has a unique vantage point: we see not only how changes in technology shape the Internet, but also how new technologies can unintentionally impact different stakeholders. Take, for instance, the increasing reliance by everyday Internet users on AI–powered chatbots and search summaries. On the one hand, end users are getting information faster than ever before. On the other hand, web publishers, who have historically relied on human eyeballs to their website to support their businesses, are seeing a dramatic decrease in those eyeballs, which can reduce their ability to create original high-quality content. This cycle will ultimately hurt end users and AI companies (whose success relies on fresh, high-quality content to train models and provide services) alike.

We are indisputably at a point in time when the Internet needs clear “rules of the road” for AI bot behavior (a note on terminology: throughout this blog we refer to AI bots and crawlers interchangeably). We have had ongoing cross-functional conversations, both internally and with stakeholders and partners across the world, and it’s clear to us that the Internet at large needs key groups — publishers and content creators, bot operators, and Internet infrastructure and cybersecurity companies — to reach a Continue reading

Securing data in SaaS to SaaS applications

The recent Salesloft breach taught us one thing: connections between SaaS applications are hard to monitor and create blind spots for security teams with disastrous side effects. This will likely not be the last breach of this type.

To fix this, Cloudflare is working towards a set of solutions that consolidates all SaaS connections via a single proxy, for easier monitoring, detection and response. A SaaS to SaaS proxy for everyone.

As we build this, we need feedback from the community, both data owners and SaaS platform providers. If you are interested in gaining early access, please sign up here.

SaaS platform providers, who often offer marketplaces for additional applications, store data on behalf of their customers and ultimately become the trusted guardians. As integrations with marketplace applications take place, that guardianship is put to the test. A key breach in any one of these integrations can lead to widespread data exfiltration and tampering. As more apps are added the attack surface grows larger. Security teams who work for the data owner have no ability, today, to detect and react to any potential breach.

In this post we explain the underlying technology required to make this work and help keep Continue reading

Securing today for the quantum future: WARP client now supports post-quantum cryptography (PQC)

The Internet is currently transitioning to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) in preparation for Q-Day, when quantum computers break the classical cryptography that underpins all modern computer systems.  The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recognized the urgency of this transition, announcing that classical cryptography (RSA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)) must be deprecated by 2030 and completely disallowed by 2035.

Cloudflare is well ahead of NIST’s schedule. Today, over 45% of human-generated Internet traffic sent to Cloudflare’s network is already post-quantum encrypted. Because we believe that a secure and private Internet should be free and accessible to all, we’re on a mission to include PQC in all our products, without specialized hardware, and at no extra cost to our customers and end users.

That’s why we’re proud to announce that Cloudflare’s WARP client now supports post-quantum key agreement — both in our free consumer WARP client 1.1.1.1, and in our enterprise WARP client, the Cloudflare One Agent. 

Post-quantum tunnels using the WARP client

This upgrade of the WARP client to post-quantum key agreement provides end users with immediate protection for their Internet traffic against harvest-now-decrypt-later attacks. The value Continue reading

Giving users choice with Cloudflare’s new Content Signals Policy

If we want to keep the web open and thriving, we need more tools to express how content creators want their data to be used while allowing open access. Today the tradeoff is too limited. Either website operators keep their content open to the web and risk people using it for unwanted purposes, or they move their content behind logins and limit their audience.

To address the concerns our customers have today about how their content is being used by crawlers and data scrapers, we are launching the Content Signals Policy. This policy is a new addition to robots.txt that allows you to express your preferences for how your content can be used after it has been accessed. 

What robots.txt does, and does not, do today

Robots.txt is a plain text file hosted on your domain that implements the Robots Exclusion Protocol. It allows you to instruct which crawlers and bots can access which parts of your site.  Many crawlers and some bots obey robots.txt files, but not all do.

For example, if you wanted to allow all crawlers to access every part of your site, you could host a robots.txt file that Continue reading

Ultra Ethernet: Resource Initialization

Introduction to libfabric and Ultra Ethernet

[Updated: September-26, 2025]

Deprectaed: new version: Ultra Etherent: Discovery

Libfabric is a communication library that belongs to the OpenFabrics Interfaces (OFI) framework. Its main goal is to provide applications with high-performance and scalable communication services, especially in areas like high-performance computing (HPC) and artificial intelligence (AI). Instead of forcing applications to work directly with low-level networking details, libfabric offers a clean user-space API that hides complexity while still giving applications fast and efficient access to the network.

One of the strengths of libfabric is that it has been designed together with both application developers and hardware vendors. This makes it possible to map application needs closely to the capabilities of modern network hardware. The result is lower software overhead and better efficiency when applications send or receive data.

Ultra Ethernet builds on this foundation by adopting libfabric as its communication abstraction layer. Ultra Ethernet uses the libfabric framework to let endpoints interact with AI frameworks and, ultimately, with each other across GPUs. Libfabric provides a high-performance, low-latency API that hides the details of the underlying transport, so AI frameworks do not need to manage the low-level details of endpoints, buffers, or the underlying Continue reading

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