Introducing: Backup Certificates

Introducing: Backup Certificates

At Cloudflare, we pride ourselves in giving every customer the ability to provision a TLS certificate for their Internet application — for free. Today, we are responsible for managing the certificate lifecycle for almost 45 million certificates from issuance to deployment to renewal. As we build out the most resilient, robust platform, we want it to be “future-proof” and resilient against events we can’t predict.

Events that cause us to re-issue certificates for our customers, like key compromises, vulnerabilities, and mass revocations require immediate action. Otherwise, customers can be left insecure or offline. When one of these events happens, we want to be ready to mitigate impact immediately. But how?

By having a backup certificate ready to deploy — wrapped with a different private key and issued from a different Certificate Authority than the primary certificate that we serve.

Introducing: Backup Certificates

Events that lead to certificate re-issuance

Cloudflare re-issues certificates every day — we call this a certificate renewal. Because certificates come with an expiration date, when Cloudflare sees that a certificate is expiring soon, we initiate a new certificate renewal order. This way, by the time the certificate expires, we already have an updated certificate deployed and ready to use for Continue reading

Russia’s internet is still connected — but with stiff limits

Cyberwarfare has been become a prominent aspect of Russia's invasion of neighboring Ukraine, but the basic infrastructure connecting both countries to the internet has remained largely unaffected, even as the Russian government may be considering imposing new limitations on access to its domestic networks.Russian network operators continue to participate in peering agreements with transit providers, meaning that the physical infrastructure connecting Russia to the internet at large is still completely intact, according to a report from network intelligence and monitoring company ThousandEyes.Yet ThousandEyes head of internet intelligence and product marketing, Angelique Medina, said that DDoS attacks and self-imposed traffic restrictions may be making the on-the-ground experience of internet use in Russia somewhat complicated.To read this article in full, please click here

5 SD-WAN gotchas to avoid

Software-defined WANs (SD-WAN) are becoming key components of modern IT infrastructures. Because they use a centralized control function to securely direct network traffic over the Internet, they can deliver benefits such as increased application performance, better user experience and lower costs.SD-WAN technology simplifies the management and operation of a WAN by decoupling networking hardware from its control mechanism. As organizations look to support a hybrid workforce and cloud-native network architectures, SD-WAN infrastructure has become an important technology for enabling flexible, agile, and optimized connectivity.To read this article in full, please click here

Multilink technology and big spectrum gains will drive Wi-Fi 7

Even as businesses continue to make the move to Wi-Fi 6, standards bodies and contributor companies are hard at work creating Wi-Fi 7, or 802.11be, the next generation of Wi-Fi technology that promises even greater capabilities than the latest in unlicensed wireless tech.A combination of new technologies focused on efficient spectrum usage and the recent FCC decision to make a huge swath of the airwaves available to Wi-Fi will push Wi-Fi 7’s peak throughput numbers as high as 40Gbit/s in certain configurations.Dorothy Stanley is the chair of the IEEE SA 802.11 working group. She said that the focus of the new standard is extremely high throughput, which is accomplished, in large part, by the wider channels enabled by the new availability of  6GHz spectrum (5.925 GHz to 7.125 GHz).To read this article in full, please click here

What is beamforming and how does it make wireless better?

While the concepts of beamforming have been around since the 1940s, the technology is currently playing a key role in improving modern wireless communication standards such as Wi-Fi and 5G. In combination with MU-MIMO technologies, beamforming helps users get more precise connections that boost their data speeds.What is beamforming? Beamforming is a technique that focuses a wireless signal towards a specific receiving device, rather than have the signal spread in all directions, like from a broadcast antenna. The resulting direct connection is faster and more reliable than it would be without beamforming.To read this article in full, please click here

Feedback: Ansible for Networking Engineers

One of ipSpace.net subscribers sent me the following feedback on Ansible for Networking Engineers webinar:

The “Ansible for Network Engineers” webinar is of the highest caliber. I’ve taken Ansible courses with your CCIE peers, and though they are good, I objectively feel, that I get more of a total comprehensive understanding with network automation here at ipSpace. Also, I enjoy your professional care-free tone, and how you pepper humor into the subject matter.

I’ve setup a virtual lab with Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server, and am using both Aruba and Cisco switches/routers. Ansible has lots of nuances that will take me time to fully get a grip-on– but, that’s why I subscribe with the network pros like ipSpace.

Feedback: Ansible for Networking Engineers

One of ipSpace.net subscribers sent me the following feedback on Ansible for Networking Engineers webinar:

The “Ansible for Network Engineers” webinar is of the highest caliber. I’ve taken Ansible courses with your CCIE peers, and though they are good, I objectively feel, that I get more of a total comprehensive understanding with network automation here at ipSpace. Also, I enjoy your professional care-free tone, and how you pepper humor into the subject matter.

I’ve setup a virtual lab with Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server, and am using both Aruba and Cisco switches/routers. Ansible has lots of nuances that will take me time to fully get a grip-on– but, that’s why I subscribe with the network pros like ipSpace.

Tools 8. Monitoring Network Performance with Dockerised Prometheus, Iperf3 and Speedtest

Hello my friend,

in the time when the business is conducted online, it is vital to have a clear visibility into the health of your services and their performance, especially if they rely on the media or other components outside of your immediate control. Earlier in our blogpost we have covered how and why to use iperf3 for measurements of a performance between your hosts and speediest to measure a performance of an Internet connectivity. Today we’ll show how to automate this process with the help of Prometheus.



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retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any 

means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, 

or otherwise, for commercial purposes without the 

prior permission of the author.

How Can We Automate Monitoring?

Automation is not only about Ansible and Python. Knowing how you can properly use various applications, especially those great open source tools available on the market is a key to your success. At the same time, Ansible plays a key role in rolling out application these days, as it helps to ensure that deployment is done in a consistent way. Ansible is like Continue reading

Welcome to Security Week 2022!

Welcome to Security Week 2022!
Welcome to Security Week 2022!

Recent events are bringing cybersecurity to the forefront of many conversations.

Governments around the world are encouraging businesses to go “shields up” following Ukraine’s invasion. The current threat is significantly higher than before and any organization with Internet-facing infrastructure should put security as a top priority for the year.

To help keep services online, Cloudflare is also participating in the Critical Infrastructure Defense Project ensuring teams can get the best help to secure networks and applications more vulnerable to cyber threats, such as those in the medical, water and energy sectors.

As another example, not too long ago, Log4J, a high-severity vulnerability affecting many Java-based applications, also highlighted how important good security is on the Internet as attackers immediately started scanning for vulnerable applications within hours of the attack vector becoming public.

Unfortunately, these events are almost certainly not going to be our last reminders.

Over the next six days, we intend to tackle the broad topic of cyber security with a simple goal: ensure security is no longer an afterthought.

Security, however, is also hard, and you never know when “you’ve done enough”. The importance of good security practices should never be underestimated. Reliable and secure Continue reading

Maximum Flow Problems

Introduction

In optimization theory, Maximum Flow problems involve finding the maximum flow (or traffic) that can be sent from one place to another, subject to certain constraints. In this post, we will look at Maximum Flow algorithms applied to Networking and the questions they can help answer.

The main focus here will be the applied part, and we will only cover the surface of most algorithms as many of them requires Linear Programming and Optimization theory background.

Problem Setup

Assume that we have a small network connecting a few locations in the US using RSVP-TE for traffic management.
RSVP-TE allows us to find paths if there is not enough room on the shortest path, which removes the restriction that the flows need to travel only on the shortest path.

In the below picture, we can see the Capacity and IGP cost of the links. From a graph representation perspective, we will use MultiDigraph. Multi to represent multiple links, like between lax<-->iad, and Digraph for capturing the unidirectional behavior of RSVP LSPs.

Backbone Network

We will also assume that we already have some traffic routed between a few locations. The below table shows the existing traffic traveling between locations. For example, we Continue reading

Trust Will Do You In

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If you’re a fan of the Gestalt IT Rundown that I do every week on the Gestalt IT YouTube channel, you have probably heard about the recent hacks of NVIDIA and Samsung. The original investigation into those hacks talked about using MDM platforms and other vectors to gain access to the information that was obtained by the hacking groups. An interesting tweet popped up on my feed yesterday that helped me reframe the attacks:

It would appear that the group behind these attacks are going after their targets the old fashioned way. With people. For illustration, see XKCD from 2009:

The Weakest Links

People are always the weakest link in any security situation. They choose to make something insecure through bad policy or by trying to evade the policy. Perhaps they are trying to do harm to the organization or even try to shine a light on Continue reading

How China Made An Exascale Supercomputer Out Of Old 14 Nanometer Tech

If you need any proof that it doesn’t take the most advanced chip manufacturing processes to create an exascale-class supercomputer, you need look no further than the Sunway “OceanLight” system housed at the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, China. …

How China Made An Exascale Supercomputer Out Of Old 14 Nanometer Tech was written by Timothy Prickett Morgan at The Next Platform.

Dell 2161DS-2 serial port pinout

I picked up a Dell (Avocent) 2161DS-2 (same as 4161DS?) KVM recently, and needed to use the serial port to upgrade the software.

Naturally, the serial port pinout is non-standard and requires a proprietary cable which comes with the KVM. Dell part numbers 80DH7 and 3JY78 might be involved. I don't have, and have never seen these cables.

I was able to to find the RX, TX and Ground pins and interact with the system using 9600, 8, N, 1.

Pinout in red text

Is the color coding inside these adaptors standardized? If so this may help.

The system prints some unsolicited messages ("welcome" or somesuch) a little while after power-up.

Notes from upgrading the firmware from MacOS 12:


 # Grab the firmware  
 URL="https://dl.dell.com/RACK SOLUTIONS/DELL_MULTI-DEVICE_A04_R301142.exe"  
 wget -P /tmp "$URL"  
   
 # Start MacOS tftp service  
 sudo launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/tftp.plist  
   
 # Extract the firmware (it's a self-extracting exe, but we can open it with unzip)  
 sudo unzip -d /private/tftpboot "/tmp/$(basename "$URL")" Omega_DELL_1.3.51.0.fl  
   
 # Now, using the menu on the KVM serial port, point it toward the MacOS TFTP service  
 # to retrieve the Omega_DELL_1.3.51.0.fl file

Weekend Reads 031122


The big ISPs all lobbied hard against the net neutrality rules, but the CEO of every big ISP was on the record at least once saying that the net neutrality rules were not a big deal and that they could live with net neutrality. So why did the big carriers lobby so hard about what the FCC was doing?


VESA, which makes the DisplayPort spec, today announced a certification program aimed at helping consumers understand if a DisplayPort 2.0 cable, monitor, or video source can support the max refresh rates and resolutions the spec claims.


Over the past week, the Akamai researchers said, they have detected multiple DDoSes that used middleboxes precisely the way the academic researchers predicted. The attacks peaked at 11Gbps and 1.5 million packets per second.


The metaverse, as Microsoft Corp. and Facebook parent Meta Platforms Inc. would have us call it, raises a remarkable prospect: For the first time, all of the technology giants are going to compete over the same turf.


A group of academics from the North Carolina State University and Dokuz Eylul University have demonstrated what they say is the “first side-channel attack” on homomorphic encryption that could be exploited to Continue reading

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